ap human geo unit 6

urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities is known as….

site

describes the characteristics at the immediate

location-for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human

structures.

situation

refers to the location of a place relative to

its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include

near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad.

city-state

consisted of an urban center (the city) and its

surrounding territory and agricultural villages.

metropolitan statistical area

consists of a city of at least 50,000 people,

the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of

social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core.

micropolitan statistical area

are cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but

less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding

counties with a high degree of integration. Note that this designation is really

one in which a city is defined as a nodal region, or focal point in a matrix of

connections.

borchert’s transportation model

to

describe urban growth based on transportation technology. Each new form of

technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves

and goods in and between urban areas. He divided urban history into four

periods, which he called epochs.

suburbanization

involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas

on the outskirts of cities.

boomburbs

rapidly growing communities ( over

10 percent per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people, and

are not the largest city in the metro area. This type of community develops

differently than a traditional city and usually do not have a dense urban center.

Examples include Mesa, Arizona; Plano, Texas; and Riverside, California.

edge cities

which are

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery oflarge cities.

They usually have tall office buildings, a concentration of retail shops, relatively

few residences, and are located at the junction of major transportation routes.

megacities

have a

population of more than 10 million people.

metacities

• continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people

• attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a

larger interconnected urban system

megapolis

describes a chain of

connected cities. It became more common after 1961

from Boston-through New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore-to

Washington, DC. The "Bos-Wash Corridor" now includes nearly 50 million residents.

conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities.

exurbs

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.

deurbanization

While cities are the destination for many of the world's migrants,

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities is known as

world cities

exert

influence far beyond their national boundaries. All are currently media hubs

and financial centers with influential stock exchanges, banks, and corporate

headquarters.

urban hierchary

or

ranking, based on influence or population size.

rank size rule

rule describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region

may develop. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of

the largest city.

primate city

If the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city,

the largest city is said to have primacy, or be a

gravity model

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions

than places that are smaller and farther from each other. This model can be used

to predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, migrants, information, mail,

products, economic activity, and nearly any other flow between cities.

central place theory

to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The

model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain

the distribution of settlements.

threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and

remain profitable is the

range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services is

high order services

are usually expensive,

need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized.

Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, and

large specialized research hospitals.

low order services

are usually less

expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support,

and are used on a daily or weekly basis. Examples include gas stations, local

grocery stores, or small restaurants.

hexagonal hinterlands

hinterlands because this shape was a compromise between

a square- in which people living in the corners would be farther from the

384 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP. EDITION

central place-and a circle-in which there would be overlapping areas of

service. Nesting hexagons allowed for central places of different sizes to

distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region.

concentric zone model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds

a central business district.

Hoyt sector model

described how different types of land use and housing were all

located near the CBD early in a city's history. Each grew outward as the city

expanded, creating wedges, or sectors of land use, rather than rings.

multiple nuclei model

This

model suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers,

or nodes.

galactic city model

In it, an original CBD became

surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As

suburbs grew, they took on some CBD functions.

squatter zones

They often lack sufficient public

services for electricity, water, and sewage. Similar to Latin American favelas,

they face problems with drugs, crime, and disease.

disamenity zones

areas not connected to city services and

under the control of criminals.

traditional cbd

which existed before European colonization, has

small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. It includes the formal

economy-permanent stores with full-time jobs that comply with local

regulations and have set wages.

colonial cbd

has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks,

and administrative centers.

latin american city model

has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks,

and administrative centers.

African city model

Large cities were rare in most of Africa until the 19th century, when Europeans

colonized the continent. But in recent decades, urban areas in Africa have

grown rapidly. New cities have been built next to or on top of existing ones.

southeastasian city model

focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone.

This export-oriented zone shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North

American cities.

infilling/urban fill

is the process of

increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant

housing with residences.

zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific

geographic regions may be used. Local governments use three general zoning

categories:

urban planning

a process

of promoting growth and controlling change in land use.

infrastructure

the facilities and

systems that serve the population.transportation features, such as roads, bridges, parking lots, and signs

• communications features such as cell phone towers, television cables,

and Internet service

• distribution systems for water, gas, and electricity

• buildings, such as police stations, courthouses, and fire stations

• collection systems for sewage and garbage

• entertainment venues, such as museums, theaters, and sports facilities

• open spaces, such as public parks and town squares

municipal

refers to the local government

of a city or town and the services it provides. For example, a mayor and city

council make up the core of the municipal government, and the local water

supply is the municipal water supply.

municipality

refers to a local entity that

is all under the same jurisdiction. The municipal government is responsible for

managing infrastructure at the local scale, although the federal government often

subsidizes large expenses.