diseases

What are three “recent” deadly versions of coronavirus (the disease) and their cause (microb)?  What were animal reservoirs for each version?

 covid 19

1. SARS

   1. 2002-2004

   2. Bats to masked palm civets to humans

   3. SARS-CoV

2. MERS

   1. 2012-outbreaks ongoing

   2. Bat to camel to human

   3. MERS-CoV

3. COVID-19

   1. 2019

   2. SARS-CoV-2

   3. Bats (horseshoe) to ??pangolins?? to humans

 

 

What characteristics makes bats a special reservoir for viruses?

covid 19

• Similar physiology

  • Internal nose shape of horseshoe infects the same cells

• High core body temp with flight

• Special immune systems

  • Interferon always on

  • Evolved with flight-inflammation

 

What are the main vaccines for COVID-19 (style of vaccine)? 

Make artificial immunity to spike protein

1. mRNA version-Pfizer, Moderna

2. viral vector version- J & J

 

What are some incorrect statements about the vaccines?  Why are they incorrect?

 covid 19

• Nothing new just causes a cold

  • Causes a cold in animals

  • Since it's coming from a different species, more severe

  • Most colds are rhinovirus

• Folks with underlying conditions only ones to die

  • Yes, but that true for most infectious disease

• Vaccine was rushed

  • No, had multiple trials going at once

  • More funding

  • mRNA technology already occurred- 1993

  • people lining up to be participants in trials

• vaccine causes covid19

  • no way because the vaccine does not contain the virus

• dangerous things in vaccine

• vaccine does not work 100%

  • no vaccine can work 100% of the time

How many folks in the United States have died from COVID-19 (since 2020)?

1,178,404 people

What are the main symptoms of the disease? cholera

Acute, diarrheal illness

1. Rice water stool

2. 12-20 liters of water a day

3. Dehydration

4. No fever

5. vomiting

 

Who is an epidemiologist associated with the disease? cholera

John snow- mid 1800s

London outbreaks

What type of organism causes the disease?  What is its scientific name? cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Found in brackish water but can handle fresh

Produce enterotoxin

Makes epithelial cells highly permeable to water

Serotype O1 or O139

What is the infectious dose for the organism and why is it so high? cholera

10^6 in water

10^4 in food

They come in high numbers so some will get through even when not very resistant to stomach acid

How is the organism transmitted? cholera

Fecal oral

1. water

2. raw foods

3. undercooked foods

4. washing foods in contaminated water

5. found in copepods and algae

What are some treatment and prevention measures? cholera

1. IV fluids

2. ORT

   1. Oral rehydration therapy

   2. Sugar-salt solution

3. Vaccination

   1. Oral

   2. Short duration

4. Clean up refuse

5. Contained animals

6. Instituted water treatments

What specific type of organism causes the problem? e coli

Escherichia coli O157:H7

Gram negative

Rod shaped

Facultative anaerobe

Has flagella

 

What is the main virulence factor the organism produces and what does it do? e coli

Stain produces a “shiga-like” toxin

Toxin starts by destroying cells which line the large intestine

Escapes into the blood stream and kills erythrocytes

Damages endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

Only need about 100 organisms to cause disease-can resist acid conditions of stomach

What are some symptoms?  Describe the condition of  HUS?

 e coli

Abdominal cramps and diarrhea

Progress to bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis)

Maybe fever and vomiting

Illness resolves in 5 to 10 days

Severe- haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

            5-10% of all infections develop into this

Children under 5 years of age and the elderly

Red blood cells are destroyed and the kidneys fail

List and describe the diagnosis methods for the organism

Isolation of E. coli in stool sample grown with sorbitol macconkey agar

            Selective-inhibit the growth of the gram positive microbial flora

and

            differential- cannot utilize sorbitol on plate, therefore, not red

How many cases are there each year? 

73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths in the united states each year

What are some prevention measures for the problem?

Cook meat thoroughly and don’t eat undercooked meat- 72 degrees Celsius 160 degrees Fahrenheit

Avoid spreading harmful bacteria in your kitchen

Drink only pasteurized milk

 

What is the main problem associated with the disease? peptic ulcer

Hole in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

What organism causes the problem and how was this shown to cause a problem? peptic ulcers

Helicobacter pylori

• Discovered by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren (2005 Nobel Prize)

  • Marshall infected himself

  • Developed an ulcer

  • Antibiotic treatment got rid of ulcer

• Spiral-shaped bacterium

  • Allows for infection of the stomach lining

  • Antacids may promote infection

  • Produces a special urease that neutralizes stomach acid

 

What are some symptoms and what is the main complication of the disease? peptic ulcers

 

• Common

  • Abdominal discomfort/burning

  • Loss of appetite

  • Bloating and belching

• Severe

  • Irregular stools

  • Bloody vomit, hemorrhaging, and anemia

  • Stomach tears

  • Obstruction

• Complication

  • Stomach cancer, if left untreated

  • 5^th most common cancer worldwide

  • H. pylori infection- 8 times more likely to develop

List and describe some diagnosis methods.

 peptic ulcer

• Serological (draw blood) tests for antibodies

• Endoscopy

• Breath test

  • Radioactive urea taken

  • Measure radioactive CO2 released from urea broken down

What are some treatment methods? peptic ulcer

• Acid suppressive agents

• Mucou protective agents

• Antibiotic therapy

• Dogs and cats have

  • Transmitted mother to young

  • Does not cause disease in them

• Can be transferred to humans

• Don’t let animals lick your face