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Analogy of the arrow and the archer

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57 Terms

1

Analogy of the arrow and the archer

Thomas Aquinas

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2

Watchmaker analogy

William Paley

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3

Fine-tuning argument, aesthetic & anthropic principles

F R Tennant

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4

Five counterarguments for the design argument

David Hume

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5

The universe exists due to many smaller chances

Richard Dawkins

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6

“It is not necessary that a machine be perfect in order to show with what design it was made”

William Paley

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7

Motion, cause, contingency

Thomas Aquinas

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8

Reformed the cosmological argument, rejected infinte regress

Frederick Coppleston

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9

Principle of sufficient reason

Leibniz

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10

More likely that there would be nothing than something

Richard Swinburne

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11

Revised the Kalam argument

William Lane Craig

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12

Empiricist who rejected the cosmological argument

David Hume

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13

Cannot say that anything that exists is necessary

Immanuel Kant

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14

Rejected the cosmological argument in three ways, including the principle of sufficient reason

Bertrand Russell

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15

Came up with two forms of the ontological argument

Anselm

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16

Argued existence is inseperable from God’s nature

Descartes

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17

“The greatest being possible must have maximal existence in every world possible

Plantinga

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18

Idea of a perfect island

Gaunilo

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19

Simpler form of the ontological argument

Descartes

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20

Argued it would be greater for a God that did not exist to create the world

Douglas Gasking

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21

Thought we had to establish that something existed before we could say what it was like

Kant

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22

All discussions about God must contain sense experience (aposteriori)

Thomas Aquinas

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23

Inconsistent triad

J L Mackie

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24

Describes the problem of evil as “the rock of atheism”

David Hume

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25

Created the theodicy that says evil is not a substance but only a “privation of good”

St Augustine

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26

Developed the Iranaean theodicy

John Hick

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27

Created the theodicy that says perfection in humantiy cannot be created but has to develop through free choice

Irenaeus

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28

Supported the Ireanaean theodicy, said that a world with evil is the best world

Richard Swinburne

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29

Eschatological justification / soul-making theodicy

John Hick

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30

Created process theodicy

A N Whitehead

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31

PINT categories of mystical experienc, The Varieties of Mystical Experience

William James

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32

Idea of the numinous, disagreed with naturalism

Rudolf Otto

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33

Defended religious experience through the principles of credulity and testimony

Richard Swinburne

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34

God helmet

Michael Persinger

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35

Religion is a “universal obsessive neruosis”

Sigmund Freud

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36

Argues religious experiences are just a psychotic mindset

Richard Dawkins

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37

“if we are gullible we do not recognise hallucinations … and we claim to have heard god”

Richard Dawkins

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38

Religious experiences could be interpreted in a non-religious way, no religion sees god as a whole so there are overlaps of REs in different religions

John Hick

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39

Argued we can only experience things in the empirical realm

Immanuel Kant

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40

Said all good things belong first to God so can be analogously related to him

Thomas Aquinas

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41

First argued that religious language is neither univocal or equivocal

Thomas Aquinas

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42

Supported symbolic language in his book ‘systematic theology and dynamics of faith’

Paul Tillich

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43

Proposed the weak verification principle

AJ Ayer

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44

Used John Wisdom’s parable of the gardener to explain the falsification principle

Anthony Flew

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45

Argued religious believers have “bliks”

RM Hare

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46

Used the parable of the partisan to show that religious believers do allow their beliefs to be challenged, just not totally falsified.

Basil Mitchell

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47

Proposed language games

Ludwig Wittgenstein

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48

Believed religious beliefs were expressed in “pictures”

D Z Phillips

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49

Dualist that believed the body is temporal and the soul goes to the perfect world of forms

Plato

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50

Believed that the soul is what animates the body, and the soul and body died at the same time as the soul is not immortal

Aristotle

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51

Susbstance dualist, “I think, therefore I am”, you can imagine yourself without physical existence but not without concious existence

Descartes

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52

Replica theory, if there is an afterlife there has to be a body

John Hick

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53

Sociological critic, “opium of the masses”

Karl Marx

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54

Religion is a sociological phenomenon that gives people a moral compass and directs them to follow societal rules

Durkheim

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55

Psychological critic, religion is an illusion, a father substitute and a projection of the super ego

Sigmund Freud

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56

Argues religious belied is dangerous, out of date and ridiculous

Richard Dawkins

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57

Analogy of the kernel and the husk, deists wish to separate the reation from the irrational

M Westphal

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