psych module 3

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience

habituation

a decrease in response to stimulus after repeated exposure to it

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

behaviorism

focuses on observable behaviors and how they’re learned rather than internal mental processes

classical conditioning

neutral stimulus: no response to stimulus

unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that naturally triggers something

unconditioned response: a natural reaction to the UCS

conditioned stimulus: previously neutral, but now triggers a response after UCS

conditioned response: learned response

acquisition

extinction

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of no exposure

generalization

tendency to respond the same way to stimuli that are similar to CS

discrimination

ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli (opposite of generalization)

preparedness

taste aversion

type of classical conditioning in which an organism learns to avoid a food/taste after pairing one with nausea.

operant conditioning

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or weakened if followed by punishment

law of effect

behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely ot be repeated, and vice versa

operant chamber/skinner box

reinforcement: positive and negative

shaping

primary reinforcers

innate reinforcers - no learning required, it’s natural

secondary reinforcers

conditioned reinforcers (learned reinforcers)

continuous reinforcement

partial/intermittent reinforcement

fixed-ratio

response reinforced after a specific number of responses

variable-ratio

response reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed-interval

reinforcement is given after a fixed time period, as long as desired behavior occurs

variable-interval

unpredictable time period

punishment: positive and negative

cognitive map

latent learning

insight learning

observational learning

modeling

mirror neurons

prosocial behavior

antisocial behavior