Chapter 8 Key Terms & Bill of Rights

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the United States in exchange for dropping its claims to Texas.

American System

Henry Clay’s economic plan to bolster and unify the American economy by raising protective tariffs, developing the transportation system, and establishing a strong national bank.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Pioneer of American textile manufacturing who created one of the first complete mills in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court case of 1824 that strengthened federal authority over interstate commerce. When state and federal laws conflict, the federal law takes precedence.

Henry Clay

Prominent politician from Kentucky, serving as Speaker of the House, senator, and secretary of state and running unsuccessfully for president three times; one of the founders of the Whig Party; helped bring about the Missouri Compromise of 1820 while Speaker.

John Quincy Adams

Son of John Adams, he served as secretary of state under James Monroe, president from 1825 to 1829, and later as a member of the House of Representatives.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Congress could establish the bank and states can’t tax national government instruments.

Missouri Compromise

Agreement of 1820 that defused sectional conflict by agreeing to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, and to henceforth prohibit slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory in the regions north of the southern border of Missouri.

Monroe Doctrine

Articulated in 1823, the policy of the United States that warned against European interference in the American continents and promised the United States would stay out of European affairs.

Panic of 1819

Six-year depression that began with a price collapse of American trade goods.

Seminole Wars

Term used to describe a series of conflicts between the United States forces and the Seminole, a mixture of Naive Americans and Black settlers in Florida; the first one, in 1816-1819, saw Andrew Jackson lead an invasion of Spanish Florida, during which Jackson’s troops chased Seminole raiders and seized Spanish forts.

Stephen H. Long

Dispatched by the United States government, he explored the Platte and South Platte Rivers in present-day Nebraska and Colorado. Also a civil engineer and inventor, he helped in the design of steam locomotives.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed amendment to Missouri’s admission to statehood that would have gradually turned it from a slave state to a free state. Failed to restrict slavery and emancipate enslaved children.

Worchester v. Georgia

Supreme Court case of 1832 that affirmed federal authority over individual states’ authority concerning the affairs of Native Americans. Indian nations were “distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights.”

Amendment I

Freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and petition.

TV, radio, and internet press is protected.

Amendment II

Right to bear arms. Preamble: citizen militia.

Amendment III

No quartering of soldiers in times of peace. Done so by law in times of war.

Amendment IV

No unreasonable searches and seizures.

Amendment V

You may not be tried for the same crime twice.

You don’t have to testify against yourself in court.

Right to ask “What am I being charged for” and to have your rights explained.

Amendment VI

Speedy criminal trial, impartial jury, confront witnesses, right to a lawyer

Amendment VII

Speedy civil trial (between two people)

Amenment VIII

No cruel or unusual punishment

Amendment IX

All rights not stated in the Constitution and not forbidden by the Constitution belong to the people. Any right not listed is protected. (State power)

Amendment X

Any power not granted to federal government belongs to the states.