15 Equine Infectious Anemia and Equine Piroplasmosis in the U.S.

Retroviridae, lentivirus

What is the causative agent of Equine Infectious Anemia?

Equine Infectious Anemia

What is the first known relative of HIV?

Hematogenous FROM 1. blood sucking flies 2. iatrogenic or 3. in utero/milk/semen

What is the transmission like for Equine Infectious Anemia

They may not show ANY outward signs of chronic infection

What is the issue with horses affected by Equine Infectious Anemia in terms of symptoms?

b. Stomoxys (stable fly)

d. Tabanid (horse/deer fly)

What insects have the ability to transmit Equine Infectious Anemia:

a. Culicoides (mosquito)

b. Stomoxys (stable fly)

c. Musca autumnalis (face fly)

d. Tabanid (horse/deer fly)

e. Musca domestica (house fly)

f. Ixodes (ticks)

Iatrogenic = needles by man

Currently, what is the BIGGEST, with far GREATER POTENTIAL to spread equine infectious anemia than any other cause?

1972

Equine Infectious Anemia is a relatively new pathogen. When were the first cases diagnosed with Coggins tests?

Equine Infectious Anemia

What is the most tested for livestock disease anywhere in the world?

100

About how many new cases of equine infectious anemia pop up every year?

Decrease --> down from 4,000 positives/year to 1,000/year

From 1972-1979 TO the 1980-2000 time line, there was a/n increase or decrease in EIA cases

120 QH and 5 TB racehorses with iatrogenic transmission

In 2024, what was the biggest cause of the 147 EIA cases?

Unsanctioned bushtrack QH racing

A significant number of EIA cases are tied to WHAT equine sporting event?

1. Theileria (Babesia) equi = MORE COMMON

2. Babesia caballi

What is the causative agent of Equine Piroplasmosis?

Ticks, exposure to blood/blood products

How is Equine piroplasmosis transmitted?

Same with EIA, problem is horses may present with NO SIGNS

What is the problem with clinical signs horses may have from equine piroplasmosis?

Negative on cELISA and CFT = negative for piroplasmosis

Horses must test negative for WHAT in order to be transported into the United States?

FALSE: Equine PIROPLASMOSIS is considered a foreign animal disease

TRUE OR FALSE: Equine infectious anemia is considered a foreign animal disease

Unsanctioned QH bushtrack racing

Outbreaks of Equine Prioplasmosis in the United States, such as Florida in 2008 and Missouri in 2009, were associated with WHAT event?

1. euthanasia

2. export out of country

3. life time quarantine

4. quarantine + enrollment in USDA-APHIS equine piroplasmosis treatment program

There are 4 options to treat equine piroplasmosis. What are they?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: There is no treatment for equine infectious anemia

APHIS

Which government agency has a program for equine prioplasmosis treatment?

529 with QH racehorses

Since 2009, 611 horses have tested positive for equine piroplasmosis. How many of these are associated with iatrogenic, preventable transmission?

5/12 were QH

3/12 dual infected

In 2024, there were 12 cases of equine piroplasmosis. How many of these were associated with QH racehorses, and how many of the 12 were DUAL infected with piroplasmosis and equine infectious anemia?

Imidocarb protocol (4 doses given 72 hours apart)

What is the off label treatment for equine piroplasmosis that needs state and federal oversight to give, but actually works?

Unsanctioned tracks, illegal in states with sanctioned racing comissions

What does "bushtrack" racing mean?

AQHA registered, most with previous sanctioned racing careers

What horses typically participate in bushtrack racing?

"Cuadras"

What is the name of the racing teams owners/trainers organize themselves into for bushtrack racing?

558 piroplasmosis

568 equine infectious anemia

=FROM IATROGENIC SPREAD

As of 2008, how many cases of equine prioplasmosis and equine infectious anemia (separately) have been confirmed in correlation to unsanctioned bushtrack racing?

NO RULES FOR HORSE/RIDER SAFETY

What are the welfare concerns that come with bushtrack racing?

1. cocaine

2. methamphetamines

3. ritalin

What are the top 3 drugs administered to horses on bushtracks?

Trump My Record

Which horse did we talk about in class specifically that was a sanctioned racehorse and then was traced to a bushtrack 6 months later, INCREDIBLY 'roided up and unhealthy?

1. state racing commission unwilling to take action

2. states WITHOUT racing commission CANNOT take action

3. physical danger

4. no federal law against unsanctioned racing

What are some challenges that come with shutting down or finding unsanctioned racetracks?

Mexico

What country has an issue with smuggling horses with EIA and Piroplasmosis into the U.S. because they have no testing or control programs?