Studied by 42 people
IB History Paper 3 all lecture notes from Banas
China’s multi-ethnicity
Many different ethnic groups
Not a nation state: China is a state with 56 nations of people
Han: highly concentrated in the east
Minorities: highly concentrated in the west
Qing
Manchu ethnic group (Manchurian)
Horse-riding, archery
Eight Banners military system
Queue hairstyle - imposed upon Han subjects
Middle kingdom concept
Idea that China is central to the world and everyone else revolves around it. Gives China its isolationist outlook also.
Grand Canal
Internal waterway linking Hangzhou and Beijing
2000 km of water, links 5 river basins
Backbone of China’s inland comm and transport network
Different regions contained different crops. Trade!
Population increase due to increased range of diet
Exchange of information (runners, tax collectors, etc)
Chinese domestic goods
Silk
Chinese silk considered superior
Porcelain
Brilliant white ceramic
Not able to be produced elsewhere until 1700s - a Jesuit reported the method back to Europe
Tea
Chinese had mastered the method of harvesting, wilting, processing, drying the leaves in meticulous ways
Not able to be produced elsewhere until 1850s - Britain sent a botanist to steal the methodology
Imperial palace structure
Eunuchs
Castrated men who lived in the imperial palace
Often entered the job for reasons such as poverty, coercion
Concubines
Lives with a man, but is of lower status than his wife
Confined to a section of the imperial palace
Selection process: fit beauty standards (footbinding), perfect health, behavioral and arts training, Manchu lineage
Those who bore a male child would be upranked to imperial consort
Empress Dowager Cixi
Enters Forbidden City as a low-rank concubine, gets promoted and bears the emperor’s only son, raising her to imperial consort status. After the emperor died, she carried out a coup d’etat
Civil service exam
Series of very difficult tests on Confucianism, essay writing, government administration
Jinshi degree holders
most educated on Earth at the time
Emperor Qianlong and his reign
Military leader
Oversaw 10 Great Campaigns
Added Xinjiang and Tibet to China
Scholar
Studied European technology (wouldn’t show it though)
Comissioned the Four Treasuries
Kept Jesuits in his court for atronomy and maps
Patron of the arts
Collected art and poetry
Comissioned artworks including the Old Summer Palace
Booming economy
Canton System
Silver surplus (for most of his reign pre-Opium)
Mercantilism
Dominant econ. theory in Europe
Wealth measured in finite (gold/silver) resources
Exports > Imports
China’s tribute system
Emissaries come to China (not the other way around)
They come bearing lavish gifts (tribute)
The emissaries must kowtow →
Their state is granted access to trade and study in China
East India companies
Granted a monopoly on trade by country’s government
So they did not have domestic competition, only foreign
Became massive corporations
Constructed fleets, raised armies, trade ports, military bases, bureacracy, could carry out diplomacy with other countries
The Canton system
Land-based trade with Russia and the Silk Road was strictly monitored at border crossings.
Ocean-going trade was managed as follow:
Portuguese were given Macao (island) in 1557 for annual 500 taels.
All other European traders would reside in Macao during the “off season.”
During trading season, rented rooms in warehouses in Canton.
Chinese officials, “hong merchants”, would serve as intermediaries & translators. China set prices and taxes.
Goods were stored in warehouses or on ship.
Transporting goods from European ship, to local vessel, to warehouse = many fees & bribes
Europeans could not leave the walled compound.
British East India Company was PLAYING BY THEM RULES.
The Macartney Mission to China
On behalf of the British East India Company
Went to meet with Qianlong to request greater trade access
Sent nearly a hundred members for the diplomatic team, the best guys on two big ships.
First major British diplomatic delegation that made it to Qianlong
Macartney pulled up in his best graduation robes, brought the best scientist, and a ton of gifts worth thousands of pounds of sterling. Even found a Jesuit who could translate.
The letter
More trade ports
Their own island (this was WILD of them)
British diplomats to have personal residency
Simplified and transparent trade policies and fees
The White Lotus Society
Religious (syncretic) movement + secret society
Mixture of Buddhist, Daoist, and traditional Chinese folk beliefs
Buddhist belief in a Pure Land - achieving salvation after death
Millenarian movement - believed a new buddha of salvation would descend to earth, liberate suffering people.
Causes of the WLR, according to Stephen Platt
Population boom
Late 1600s to late 1700s
Qing experienced peace and prosperity
China adopted New World crops such as maize, potato, peanuts
Exponential population growth
Internal migration
Gov encouraged internal migration in response to population growth
To previously unfarmable places (only places with no people around)
Han River highlands
Steep mountains, heavily forested, never been cultivated
There wasn’t a lot of Qing governance in this area because there’s no people. Qianlong does not expand his bureaucracy because of filial piety, so suddenly there’s a ton of people here and very little administration.
Civil service exam
Meritocratic hierarchical exam system to determine best qualified candidates for government positions
During the Qing, government failed to expand the exam system to keep up with population growth.
Same number of candidate slots, but more people competing for them.
Rampant corruption
Literally top to bottom.
Local magistrates - abuse position, mistreat peasants, embezzle funds to recoup bribes they paid to get their job
Heshen - wins emperor’s favor, created a patronage network to accept bribes in exchange for sought-after jobs
Yellow River Conservancy
Bribed his way into position to oversee military in charge of White Lotus suppression, ran super corrupt and ineffective campaign
Beginning of White Lotus Rebellion
1796-1804
The rebellion lacked a single, clear leader.
Spread organically across areas of China that were remote, impoverished, overlooked by corrupt officials
Qianlong underestimated the rebellion, so did not use Manchu bannerman
Relies upon corrupt local officials instead to raise militia
1799, Qianlong dies and Heshen gets tried and executed by his successor, Jiaqing
Suppression of the WLR
Jiaqing is young and ambitious. He employs Manchu bannermen to the counter rebellion.
“They stopped messing around.”
Found the peasants who hadn’t joined the rebellion, packed them up and moved them to heavily fortified encampments guarded by the local militia
Cleared countryside of food and supplies that would be of use to the rebels
Rooted out rebels hiding in the highlands with elite government troops
Opium
Sap of the poppy flower, which contains morphine
Combined with tobacco & smoked (opium)
Refined into morphine (pain medication)
Refined into heroin
Highly addictive - relaxation and pain reduction
East India company owns the plantation, harvests the opium, and has a “middleman” bring the product to China, allowing them to reap the profits
America was also involved
Sourced opium from the Ottomans (called it “Turkey”)
In Britain?
Legal in Britain, but consumed as laudanum (liquid) as a prescription drug
Why did British sales of Opium skyrocket in 1834?
Parliament ends East india company trade monopoly.
Bimetallism
When two metals simultaneously function as currency in a country (gold and silver)
Fixed ratio between the two metals is established by the government
Strengths: More coinage can circulate in an economy, the lesser metal can be used for small transactions, the more precious metal for large transactions.
Limitations: Metals are commodities (things that are bought and sold in their own right). Therefore their value fluctuates.
Copper and silver economy in China
Copper cash for everyday purchases, silver tael for taxes and trade
[Late Ming, early Qing] Value of silver begins to fall in China - copper cash could be “stretched”. There’s more silver than copper in China.
Periodic silver discoveries in the 1500s
Then silver begins to become more scarce (Qianlong → Jiaqing → Daoguang)
Terranova Incident
Italian on American ship, accused of killing a Chinese boat-women with whom he had been bargaining (dropped the container on her head).
China suspended trade and arrested the hong merchant until the Americans surrendered Terranova
He was then executed by stranglation
Leads to strong desire for extraterritoriality
China’s crackdown on Opium
Scholar official Lin Zexu sent to Canton to restore law and order, clean up trade, and bring foreigners into line with state policy
Confiscated 20k chests of opium, destroyed by mixing with lime and washing away in the ocean
Western attitudes towards opium
First Opium War (1839 - 1842)
Britain vs Qing Dynasty
HMS Nemesis
Super advanced British steam-powered ship, helped them win.
Ends with Treaty of Nanjiang
China makes concessions
Treaty of Nanjing - summary
1 | China and Britain will be allies and have positive relations/peace, with protection for the subjects of one another when in those countries, from now on. |
2 | British subjects may peacefully live in Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai for merchant purposes. The Queen will appoint superintendents to live in these locations in order to communicate between Chinese authorities and merchants and oversee Chinese responsibilities to Britain. |
3 | British subjects have access to ports and storages to clean and repair their ships. Hong Kong is now to be possessed and governed by Britain forever. |
5 | British merchants who are trading at Canton no longer have to trade exclusively with Hong merchants and can trade with whoever they want. China will also pay Britain 3 million dollars as a repayment for Hong debts to Britain merchants. |
7 | Total amount of 21 million dollars will be paid to Britain. 6 million will be paid right now, 6 million split into two 3 million payments will be paid in 1843, 5 million split into two payments in 1834, and 4 million split into two payments in 1835. There will be a 5% annual interest on payments that are not paid on time. |
9 | The emperor of China will publish a pardon for all Chinese subjects who were imprisoned for relations with Britain. |
10 | At all of the ports stated in article 2, there will be a fixed tariff on imports, exports, and other fees that will be agreed upon by China and Britain. |
The Century of Humiliation (1840 - 1940)
1850. Chinese citizens are feeling discontent with the Qing government.
Signed off on a humiliating treaty. Middle Kingdom crushed.
Culture and lifestyle was being challenged by Westerners settling in China.
Corruption! At the local government level.
Increased opium consumption.
Bad silver inflation. Silver is going to the British to pay for opium and the war.
Resentment towards Manchu ethnic minority that is ruling over the Han majority.
The Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
Largest civil war in history
20 million deaths
Eventually crushed with the help of westerners. Qing dub.
Hong Xiuquen
Hakka minority
Migrants from Central China
Settled in Southern China highlands
Involved in trade as opposed to agriculture
High literacy rates.
Came from poor family, candidate for the imperial exam but failed 4 times.
Was given a missionary pamphlet, was like whatever until he had a vision.
THE VOICES: he has a hallucination while he is freaking out from the pressure of trying to pass the test and improve his family’s life.
Voices tell him that he’s the brother of Christ and that it’s his divine duty to overthrow the Qing dynasty
“It’s giving…walking on water. It’s giving the son of God.” - Banas
Raised a small army
Earned a good reputation by fighting bandits, restoring order in Southern China.
Represents stability and safety with this reputation
Invites everyone to his cause [ men, women, poor, minorities, ex-Qing officials ]
Why was the west conflicted about which side to support in this war?
Initially consider supporting Hong, but then side with the Qing.
By supporting the Taiping:
Helping Qing decline, giving them chance to get in and gain power.
Could join the Taiping and offer to help them, letting them be indebted to us.
Christianity - GOD DID!
By supporting the Qing:
Super corrupt, which benefits the West. Wants to keep them to make money.
Taiping are unpredictable and theology could go either way.
We have treaties with these guys. We can manipulate them.
Nanjing Under Taiping Rule
Hong Xiuquan sets up his Heavenly Kindom in ancient city of Nanjing.
Located on the Yangtze river
The Taiping systematically kill Manchu inabitants
Hong sends an army noth to take Beijing
Ill equipped for winter + defeated.
Taiping fails to enact their radical reforms in the countryside. They merely replaced cruel Qing with cruel Taiping.
Extracted money and food from the poor to fuel their army.
Hong Xiuquen becomes increasingly reclusive.
Annotating religious texts, making religious pronouncements, spending time with concubines.
Day to day management of the kingdom and army campaigns falls to various “kings”.
One attempts a coup, weakening the Taiping
Hong Rengan becomes the Prime Minister.
Why was the Taiping lowkey communist? (Proto-communist)
Land distribution by amount of people in family (regardless of gender).
Mixed grade
Collective cultivation by the whole population. The land and its products are for everyone to reap the benefits of.
“Inequality shall exist nowhere.”
No private property.
All products go to the government so that they may be evenly distributed.
Second Opium War (arrow war) - how did it start?
1856 - 1860
In the midst of Civil War - Britain sees an opportunity to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing (1842). Because they want even better terms ig.
They use Qing capture of a British-registered Chinese ship (registered in Hong Kong) as an excuse to go to war again. Kinda flimsy but ok.
France is trying to cash in, so they use the execution of a French missionary who had traveled deep into China (his fault) as their excuse
The fighting focuses in the north. The allies want to strike at Beijing and force the Qing to surrender.
The river to Beijing is guarded by a series of forts.
Second opium war summary
War begins with British forces taking Canton.
Combined British-French-American force attacks the river forts easily. The Qing admit defeat and sign a ton of humiliating treaties.
But, the Qing emperor refuses to ratify the treaties. Fighting resumes.
The emperor appoints one of his best bannermen to reinforce the forts. The allies get literally stuck in the mud. Then the Qing surprise attack them and kill a bunch of British and French. They’re real mad now.
So they pull up with an even bigger army. Return to the forts, but attack them from behind. Total victory for the Westerners.
British envoys and an American reporter went ahead to negotiate. Negotiations broke down and a group of allies were captured. They were tortured and imprisoned. Some died.
The allied force go on to annihilate an army of elite Qing bannermen and Mongolian cavalry. Finding the emperor had fled, they travel to the Old Summer Palace, loot it, and burn it to the ground.
Treaty of Tianjin (1860)
Ended 2nd opium war
Number of treaty ports increased
Along coast and interior waterways
With opening of Yangtze River, foreigners gained full access to the interior (freedom of business and movement).
Missionaries can now practice freely
British (and thus French, American, and Russian diplomats permitted to establish legations, live in Beijing.
New, low tariff for imported goods.
British and U.S. merchants established the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, which regulated trade for the benefit of foreign merchants and provided a steady source of revenue to the Chinese Government.
Opium legalized.
Taiping advance on Shanghai
1853 - captured Nanjing and made it capital
1860 - advanced on Shanghai, expecting to be treated as liberators, supported by Westerners.
Hong Rengan
Cousin of Hong Xiuquen
Lots of foreign influence.
Fled to HK at rebellion’s outbreak, got baptized and converted to Christianity.
1859 - unites with the Taiping in Nanjing and takes PM position.
Meets with Western leaders
Crafts domestic and foreign policy
“A New Treatise on Aids to Administration”: new legal/banking system, postal system, newspapers, infrastructure, steam ships. How radical of him.
Ok now we’re jumping to Japan content. FYI
Ok
Comparisons between Japan and China
Heian Japan (794-1185)
Japan is borrowing heavily from China, but also beginning to develop their own identity: cultural assimilation. [On the other hand, China rarely borrowed other culture’s things. They invented their own “cool stuff”]
Pre-Tokugawa
Sengoku Period: 1467-1615
Near constant civil war between samurai warlords and clans
The Portugese arrived 1542 and brought gunpowder and Catholicism
Tokugawa (Edo) Japan
1603-1867.
Japan is under central rule of the shogun (supreme military leader) with a figurehead emperor.
Began by Tokugawa Ieyasu (great unifier)
Looking back on the discontent in Japan, he wanted to make changes that were focused on centralizing power and creating stability and order. [Louis G. Perez claim]
Structure of tokugawa Japan
Bakufu - Shogun
Daimyo are local lords who control parcels of land (Han).
Feudal structure, essentially.
The most important Han (strategically speaking) were given to the Shinpan.
Merchants are the lowest class because they do not produce anything themselves; the largest class, peasants and artisans, was above them.
During the time of peace, the samurai are going to fall in terms of power, allowing the lower classes to rise in power.
What changes did Tokugawa make?
Limited power of daimyos by breaking their militaries
Sankin kotai: daimyo had to reside in Edo a few months per year
“If you do anything wrong, we have your family.”
Their samurai vassals were taken off the land, paid a rice stipend (koku).
Other samurai were demoted to farmers (about 60%).
Ashigaru were made village bureaucrats.
Samurai (enforcers of the daimyo) lived according to bushido, but with decreased emphasis on military prowess.
Mastery of Neo-Confucian ideas was stressed as a means of gaining bureaucratic stature.
Very rigid class structure:
Samurai
Farmers (80%)
Artisans
Merchants (because Confucians hate em)
City folk (chonin) and rural peasants could not leave their respective areas.
Changes regarding foreigners
Issues edicts banning Christianity starting 1633.
Confucianism remained the official philosophy, Buddhism and Shinto were accepted religions.
Act of Seclusion (1636) cut off all Western trade except for one Dutch port: Dejima Island
Fumi-e: denouncing Christianity by stomping on a placard of Christ
Neo-Confucianism
Confucianism faced challenges from Buddhism and Daoism.
Neo-Confucianism is created to “refresh” Confucianism as the primary philosophy in China, later spreading to Korea and Japan
Inherently conservative
Stability and order through strict hierarchy, filial piety, self cultivation
Neo-Confucianism stresses these “old” aspects BUT also includes that society should accept rule by a scholarly elite who would advise the emperor/shogun
Examples of how not everything in Japan was totally rigid at this time
Flourishing arts and culture
Bunraku and kabuki theatre
Moku hanga
Literature
Haiku and kanazoshi books
Dutch learning: rangaku
Body of knowledge of Western things. The Dutch are the “transmitter” who bring this Western knowledge to Japan.
Middle class merchant class grew
Ukiyo: the floating world. Ukiyo-e: woodblocks.
Samurai class diminishes in terms of power/influence.
Rangaku: “Dutch Studies”
Rangaku: the body of (Western and Chinese) knowledge transmitted to Japan via Dejima Island
1636 Dejima Island established (the Canton of Japan, essentially)
1639 Portuguese (and everybody else except the Dutch) expelled
1720 Tokugawa Yoshimune relaxes the ban on outside literature
To what extent was Western intrusion the main reason for discontent during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
“All knowledge of Western science, technology and medicine was introduced to the country through the Dutch at Dejima, usually in the Dutch language”
How did rangaku contribute (and not contribute) to discontent?
RANGAKU… | |
…contributed to discontent. | …did not contribute to discontent |
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Perry’s Arrival
When Perry arrived, the shogun was sick
Japanese officials did not know what to do, as he had arrived in Edo rather than Dejima (designated place for foreigners). They weren’t really in the position to make the call, so they couldn’t figure out how to respond
Perry was getting frustrated
Perry fired all of his cannons to “celebrate the 4th of July” but he was clearly just trying to flex tf
Bakumatsu Timeline
Commodore Perry pulls up to Edo: July 8 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa is signed by the Bakufu: March 1854
Harris Treaty signed by Ii Naosuke: July 1858
Ii Naosuke is assassinated by Sonno Joi for pro-Western beliefs: 1860
Emperor Komei [Meiji’s predecessor] issues edict to expel barbarians: 1863
NOTE: first administrative action by an emperor in a hot minute
Series of anti-foreign incidents, culminating in Satsuma domain firing on Western ships: 1863
Western ships retaliate, bombard Shimonoseki
Sat-Cho [Satsuma-Choshu] alliance is formed. They adopt Western tech.
Tokugawa forces defeated by Sat-Cho. Teenage Meiji is “restored” to power: 1868
Ok we’re going back to China now
Cool
Xienfung Emperor
Ascended to throne 1850, Taiping Rebellion breaks out same year.
Second Opium War - destruction of Old Summer Palace
Fled the capital and left his uncle Prince Gong to deal with European negotiations
The Xinyou Coup
Xianfeng dies. His wife/empress, Ci’an, did not produce a male heir.
One of Xianfeng’s random concubines (who will eventually become Cixi) kept getting promoted repeatedly. Eventually, she gives birth to his only male heir. So she’s basically an empress - same social level as Ci’an.
The baby: Tongzhi. He’s too young to rule the country, so he has eight regents who run it instead.
Ci’an and Cixi are like, why are these random eight guys running this place. They (the women) have stamps, so they have some power.
The regents are in Beijing, meanwhile Prince Gong is signing the most humiliating treaty. All the blame is kind of being pinned on Prince Gong for all of the problems because he’s had to shoulder the burden.
Cixi and Ci’an join forces with Prince Gong and write up a document accusing the eight regents of a bunch of offenses. And then they stamp it, for that extra bit of power. So now everyone hates the regents. Coup successful!
Tongzhi Restoration
(1860–1874) was an attempt to halt the decline of the Qing dynasty by restoring the traditional order. The harsh realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings of the Taiping Rebellion caused Qing officials to recognize the need to strengthen China. The Tongzhi Restoration was named for the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875), and was engineered by the young emperor's mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908).
Who were the 4 Tongzhi Restoration scholars you should know?
Zeng Guofan, Prince Gong, Feng Guifen, Li Hongzhang
Chinese Educational Mission (CEM)
Stayed with host families and went to local schools. During breaks, stayed at CEM headquarters in Hartford.
Both American teachers and instructors who traveled from China.
Prince Gong appointed Yung Wing (the Julie Parham of CEM).
Born in Southern China, got a Western education and went to Yale, became US citizen.
Went back to China and snuck into the Taiping to meet with Hong Rengan (PM of Taiping).
Then he became a tea smuggler. King. At some point he bumps into Zeng Guofan, who recruits him to buy military equipment from America (somehow bought some even though America was in the midst of the Civil War)
When he gets back to China, he pitches the idea of CEM.
Ended in 1881 by the Qing government.
We are switching back to Japan content again.
Sounds good ig
Zaibatsu
Conglomerates that grow from horizontal or vertical integration
Government and corporations feeding off of each other
Japan’s Industrial Revolution
Female employment
Economic development: new skills
Iwakura Mission
Ship carrying over 100 Japanese leaders, government officials, students set off in 1871
Goal of finding inspiration from other countries for a modern nation
Now we’re heading over to Korea
Ok
Joseon Korea (1392-1894)
Options for foreign policy:
Remain a Chinese tributary state
Cozy up to a new power player, such as Japan
Declare independence
Yi Ha-eung, typically referred to by his title: Taewongun
Served as regent from 1864 to 1873, because the Emperor Gojong was too young.
Steeped in conservative Confucianism. Advocated for increased isolation, maintaining Korea’s status with China, reinforce Confucianism.
“No treaties, no trade, no Catholics, no West, and no Japan.”
Why isn’t this gonna work? Foreign powers, China is extremely unstable.
Queen Min
At 16, married the 15 year old emperor, Gojong (1866)
A court lady bore Gojong a baby boy, but Queen Min’s own baby boy died a few days after birth. Suspicious.
She suspected Taewongun had something to do with it. So she swore revenge.
She also began to read, study
From there: began putting family members in high government positions to boost her own power
When Gojong came of age, Min helped him inaugurate his reign by removing Taewongun.
Treaty of Ganghwa, 1876
Ganghwa Island Incident, 1875: a Japanese survey team came ashore to Ganghwa to look for supplies, were fired on by Korean forces, Japanese forces return fire.
Think of this as Japan’s “Commodore Perry” visit to Korea. Japan uses this opportunity to make an unequal treaty.
Korea is a sovereign state
Opening of 3 ports to Japan
Right of Japan to conduct coastal surveys
Duty-free importation of Japanese goods
Extraterritoriality for Japan
Queen Min’s policies
Opened up Korea to foreign trade (starting with Japan under Ganghwa, but then opens it to China)
Sought to modernize the Korean military
Reached out to China, Russia, Western powers to play them off of Japan
Fact-finding mission to US
1882: rebellion by old-guard army officers briefly removed her from power, reinstated the Taewongun
Min appealed to China. They sent 4,500 troops, hauled off Taewongun to trial in China
Tonghak Rebellion (1894)
What prompted the uprising?
Increase of taxes, which hit the peasants hard
Anti-West sentiment
Large loans owed to Japan
Importing textiles hurt the business of the peasants who used to make them
How did the uprising get both China and Japan involved in Korean affairs?
Korea couldn’t handle the uprising on its own, so turned to China for help (like they had before).
Japan saw this as an opportunity for them to get involved. Thanks to Ganghwa Treaty and economic interests in Korea.
Korea had resources Japan wanted (coal and iron)
Causes of the First Sino-Japanese War (we are back to China now)
Treaty of Ganghwa
Donghak Rebellion
Qing & Japan sphere of influence
What started the Sino Japanese war?
Both China and Japan send troops in response to Donghak Rebellion.
Japan gets their troops there first. They install a loyal regent (puppet) in the palace.
Qing commission a ship to transport 1200 Chinese troops to Korea across the Yellow Sea.
Japan intercepts the ship, sinks the transport when they refuse to surrender. Fewer than 200 survive.
Sino-Japanese War
Japanese forces land in Korea. They crush the Qing forces around Seoul and Pyongyang.
Japanese forces cross the Yalu River into Qing China. They capture Port Arthur (Chinese port), poised to invade rest of China.
China’s modern Beiyang Fleet was damaged at the Battle of the Yalu, it retreated to Weihaiwei.
Japan captured Weihaiwei from land, turned the guns on the Chinese fleet, and damaged it further.
At the end of the war, Japan sends troops to small islands between mainland China and Taiwan (Pescadores Campaign).
From there, they invaded Taiwan, ensuring they could claim it as a spoil of war in the upcoming treaty.
Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
Li Hongzhang is sent to Japan to negotiate terms.
China loses influence over Korea
China cedes Pescadores Islands, Taiwan, and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan…forever.
China must pay Japan 200 million taels of silver.
China shall open treaty ports to Japan, where they can build factories.
Russia, Germany, and France felt Japan was getting a little greedy here, so they pressured Japan to give up Liaodong.
How did the Sino-Japanese War accelerate the urgency of reform in China?
China got clapped by European imperialists…but also now by Japan. They realized what they were doing was not enough.
Especially defeat by Japan. Japan had BEEN in China’s shadow forever and now all of the sudden they turn around and beat them?
100 Days of Reform
Cixi begins to transfer power to Guangxu in 1887 - by 1889, your boy is ruling the country.
Cixi retired to the Summer Palace but continued to keep tabs on what was happening.
June 1898: Guangxu invited Kang Youwei to have a 5-hour private audience.
Kang Youwei was a reformer who wanted to go beyond Self-Strengthening.
He wanted to model China on Meiji Japan. He wanted many more reforms, including making China a constitutional monarchy.
Guangxu elevates Kang to an advisor.
He begins firing officials, appointing new ones loyal to him and pro-Kang.
Between June and September of 1898, he issues over 200 reforms.
Sun Yat Sen’s Three People’s Principles (1906)
A few years prior to 1911 Qing collapse. Three main forces that will fuel the revolution.
Nationalism
Han control of China
China is 90% Han
We won’t discriminate, except for against those Manchu harming Han
Democracy
Constitutional democracy
Five separate powers/branches
Executive, legislative, judicial
Examination power (independent branch responsible for civil service exams, must pass for office)
Supervisory power (monitoring impeachment matters)
People’s Livelihood
Economic equality; reduction of rich-poor gap through land redistribution
Buying land from wealthy landowners for fair price
Improve value via modernization
Some money will go to the landowner, but most will go to the state (the people) and will profit
Main challenges at the establishment of the PRC
Domestic Concerns / Challenges | International Concerns / Challenges |
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Timeline of initial years of the PRC
The CCP is locked in.
1949 Oct. 1 Mao declares the establishment of the P.R.C. from the Forbidden City
1949 Dec. Mao travels to U.S.S.R. for two month visit
1950 Feb. Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship signed
1950 May. Marriage Law of the P.R.C. put into effect
Oct. 1950 1 million Chinese “volunteers” enter North Korea to fight the U.S. and U.N. forces
1950 Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Campaign
1950 Land reform is carried out nationwide
1950 C.C.P. creates a network of party branches across the country, recruit new members
1951 Three-Antis Campaign
1952 Five-Antis Campaign
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (February 14th, 1950)
Needed to get along for the sake of not getting divided and conquered by the Western powers.
Protect each other from Japan and their allies (the U.S.)
The two parties, in conjunction with their allies, would like a peace treaty with Japan ASAP.
Neither of the parties can enter an alliance against the other party.
When making decisions that involve the common interests of both of them, they will consult together.
Economic cooperation
S1: China gets Manchurian railroad network back
S2: China gets loan of $300million in tech and equipment.
The treaty will come into effect immediately, and will remain in force for 30 years. If no one denounces it it will continue to exist for 5 year periods.
Additional concession not explicitly mentioned:
Mao must accept that Mongolia will be an independent Mongolian People’s Republic under Soviet control. It will not be returned to China (it was part of China under the Qing).
Background: the Korean War
During WWII, the Allies decided that:
Korean peninsula would be divided around the 38th parallel
Soviet and US spheres of influence: “trusteeship” until Korea was ready for independence.
No Koreans were consulted on the line drawing.
After WWII, everyone promised that elections would be held to unite Korea.
In northern Korea, the Soviets introduced a Russian speaking, Russian educated Korean with no political background as a sort of puppet ruler: Kim Il-Sung
In southern Korea, the U.S. supported Syngman Rhee, a Christian and hardcore anti-communist.
The War Begins
North Korea invaded South Korea after Kim let both USSR and China know; Stalin told him to turn to China for help because he could not risk direct conflict with US.
North Koreans steamroll over South Korea and US forces; only Busan is able to hold out.
US gets support from the UN to intervene on behalf of South Korea.
General Douglas MaCarther lands an army at Incheon and pushes the North Koreans back.
China’s Volunteer Force
Led by Peng Dehui
Started as a dirt-poor peasant from Mao’s province, became Mao’s bro
Survived the long march, fought the Japanese and KMT
Led Chinese “volunteers” in Korea, operating out of an abandoned mine shaft
China’s Role in Korean War
Peng Dehui leads Chinese forces in an all-out assault of US and UN troops
Chinese troops were very poorly equipped, but battle hardened from WWII and the Chinese Civil War
The US grossly underestimated China’s determination and fighting ability
They struggled to coordinate their troops and staff, which were a mix of different nationalities (US, Korean, British, Australian, Thai, Ethiopian, Turkish, and Filipino)
The two sides fought to a stalemate at approximately the same place they started.
China lost between 700,000 and 900,000 troops and it ended in a stalemate, but it is remembered by the PRC as a huge W.
Marriage Law of the CCP
Not a strong historical consensus on this
Law received some backlash from male-dominated local officials, property owners
Some women intimidated/beaten for seeking divorce
Divorce rates spiked
It broke many Confucian traditions that were seen as archaic and harmful. The state, not ancient ways, was now the arbiter of family relations.
1950 Land Reform
Redistribution of wealth - foundation of Communism
CCP cadres spread out across China, classify people into 6 groups:
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They then organized show trials for landlords and rich peasants
Peasants encouraged to speak out against injustices that landlords had committed against them (speak bitterness)
Property of “convicted” landlords and rich peasants divided among the poor
Feudal land deeds burned, CCP issued new deeds for the redistributed farmland
1953-57: First Five Year Plan
Soviet idea
How it works:
Government sets targets for heavy industry
Sends advisors, resources to help
Organize people into work units (danwei)
Workers attempt to meet or exceed target
When finished: evaluate, set new targets
China’s focus for the First Five Year Plan: Heavy Industry
Concrete, steel, electricity, oil, fertilizer, industrial chemicals, mechanical equipment, coal mining
Why? foundational, economic security [self-sufficiency]
Danwei
Self-sufficient, condensed compounds. Control.
Equal access to resources, making distribution easier.
Collaborative nature; de-emphasizes the individual.
Reduce socioeconomic gap
Efficient (5 year plan is ambitious)
Impact on Agriculture
Peasants sold over ¼ of their grain to the state at very low prices
Grain used to guarantee food supply in urban areas
Grain shortages in rural areas (esp. first few years)
Farmers then encouraged to join mutual aid teams, then cooperative farms
Farmers continue to own private plots, agree to work the land together. Share equipment, work unused plots.
Basically, they collectivized agriculture.
Farmers got the most out of their private plots. They focused on crops and animals that would get them the most cash at markets.
This economic activity, which was contributing to a new class of well-to-do farmers, disturbed Mao.
100 Flowers Campaign
Mao encourages people to submit letters, construct billboards offering constructive criticism about China’s development
Citizens timid at first, but he keeps pressing
Enourmous amounts of criticism come in
“Democracy walls”
Some people calling for removal of Mao, questioning his leadership
After just a few months, Mao does a full 180 and begins the “Anti-Rightist Campaign”
Anti-Rightist Campaign
People are persecuted for criticizing the government
Public “struggle sessions” and/or sent to re-education camps
Writing self-criticisms
Some are killed
Deng Xiaoping called to lead this anti-rightist campaign
How did this lead to the catastrophe of GLF?
Primary victims were China’s best, and people didn’t want to speak out
The Great Leap Forward
The second five year plan. Mao is emboldened by success of first FYP.
Used forced collectivization to:
Surpass UK industrialization (in 15 years)
Leap from socialism to straight up communism
Destroy private plots of land, which were starting to create class difference among peasants
How did it work?
CCP asked collectives to predict output
CCP would then take food based on prediction
Food would go to further industrialization, pay Soviet debt
By 1958, 99% of people organized into 26,000 “People’s Communes”
Local officials kept making high predictions, not wanting to lowball their prediction and/or disappoint officials
Communes left to starve as a result
Backyard Furnaces
Encouraged creation of 600,000 steel furnaces at communes to drastically increase steel output (and surpass UK production)
Flopped. People didn’t have proper materials or know-how to produce steel. The “steel” they created was useless.
People melted down useful tools laying about to meet quotas.
The Four Pests
Mobilization campaign during GLF
Aimed at all people - including children
Mosquitos, flies, sparrows, rats - four pests
To mitigate pests that ate crops
People took this a little too seriously and completely wiped out sparrow populations in some areas. That’s not good.
Ella better get a 7 for this
I agree
Note
Flashcard