BIO 1530 Chapter 21 (Unfinished)

Describe Darwin’s finches and his findings.

Took place in the Galapagos Islands; He collected 31 finches but concluded that there were 14 different species of finches that were closely related; different beaks appeared bc of different eating habits

True or false: Darwins finches had similar beaks but they had similar eating habits.

False; the beaks of finches varied due to their different diets

True or false Phenotypic variation must occur in the population for natura selection to occur

True

What are the 3 conditions that need to be met for natural selection to happen?

1) Phenotypic variation must occur in the population, 2) differences must lead to differenced in reproductive success 3) variation must be genetically transmissible

True or false: Research supports Darwin’s idea of natural selection.

True

What island did Rosemary and Pete Grant concuct their research on?

Daphne Major in the Galapagos

What type of bird did Rosemary and Pete Grant study?

Medium ground finch

The Grants’ experiment concluded that average beak depth changed from year to year in a ______ ______ due to climate

Predictable fashion

Why did the beak depth of medium ground finches change form year to year?

Climate changes

What happens with industrial melanism?

the environment influences certain trait in a species

What is it called when humans determine the evolution or breeding of animals/plants?

Artificial Selection

True or false: artificial selection is disruptive selection.

False; it is directional selection, because it favors individuals with certain traits and allows only those individuals to reproduce

What are the three conditions for fossils to form?

1) buried in sediment, 2) calcium/other hard tissue must mineralize, 3) surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

True or false: the 3 conditions for fossils to form are common

False; they are rare

What is a fossil?

Preserved remains of living organisms

You must ______ of fossils in order to describe their evolutionary history

estimate the age of

In Darwin’s time how did scientists date rocks?

Rocks were dated in position relative to another (deeper= older, shallow=younger)

How do scientists date rocks now?

They use isotopes

Whate are the two isotopes that are used to date rock in modern times?

P40 (potassium 40) and C14 (carbon 14)

What is the half-life for P40 and what is it used for?

P40 has a half-life of 1.25 billion years; used for long-term dating

What is the half-life of C14 and what is it used for?

C14 has a half-life of 5700 years; used for more recent dating

True or false: Carbon 14 is used for long-term dating of fossils.

False; P40 is used for long-term dating

True or false: P40 is used for more recent dating.

False; C14 is used for more recent dating

What are some examples of an intermediate?

Tiktaliks, four-legged aquatic animals

True or false: horses used to live in grasslands and had long legs

False; in the past, horses lived in wooded areas with shorter legs

What are structures with different appearance and function that derived from the same structure of a common ancestor?

Homologous structures

What are structures with similar appearance that to not derive from a common anscestor?

Analogous structures

How does embryonic development serve as anatomical evidence for evolution?

Even very different species are very similar in early stages of development

True of false: Species tend to evolve perfectly.

False: there are many variations (blindspots in vertebrae that limit their field of vision)

What are structures with no apparent function but resemble structures an ancestor had?

vestigial structures

What are pseudogenes?

They are traces of previously functioning genes

What is biogeography?

The study of geographic distribution of species

What is it called when similar forms evolved in isolated environments due to similar selective processes?

Convergent Evolution

What are the 7 criticism of evolution?

1) evolution has not been solidly demonstrated, 2) there are no fossil intermediates, 3)