APUSH Chapter 26

FDR's Brain Trust

Group of advisers including Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford G. Tugwell who shaped New Deal legislation and ideas.

The New Deal Coalition

African Americans shifted to the Democratic Party due to New Deal support, joining other groups like the poor, union members, and minorities.

20th Amendment

Moved presidential and congressional inauguration dates to January to reduce the lame duck period.

Mass Deportations

Deportations of Mexican Americans during the Depression (1929-1939), including US citizens, due to unemployment.

Giuseppe Zangara tries to kill FDR

Attempted assassination of FDR in 1933, highlighting the impact of his potential death.

The Hundred Days

First 100 days of FDR's administration with major New Deal legislation passed for relief, recovery, and reform.

Relief, Recovery, & Reform

New Deal goals including immediate relief, recovery, and long-term economic reform.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Passed in 1933 to stabilize banks during the Depression, allowing inspection and support for struggling banks.

Fireside Chats

FDR's radio addresses explaining New Deal policies in simple terms to the public.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Established FDIC, separated commercial and investment banking, and prevented risky speculation.

21st Amendment

Repealed prohibition, allowing the sale of beer and wine.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Provided relief to the unemployed and elderly through federal funding and work projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Employed young men in conservation projects during the Depression, providing wages and support.

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

Established to prevent insider trading and regulate stock market practices.

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Assisted struggling homeowners with mortgage payments and refinancing.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Provided loans for new home construction or remodeling.

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

Aimed to reduce oversupply of farm commodities by paying farmers to reduce production.

National Industry Recovery Act

Suspended antitrust laws and established industry codes for fair competition.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Created under the NIRA to set industry codes and regulate wages and prices.

Schechter v US

Supreme Court case declaring the NIRA unconstitutional due to overreach of executive powers.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Funded major construction projects to stimulate the economy.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Developed regional economic planning and provided jobs in the Tennessee Valley region.

American Liberty League

Nonpartisan organization opposing the New Deal for perceived threats to individual liberties and executive power.

Father Charles Coughlin and Dr Francis Townshend

Critics of the New Deal, with Coughlin using radio sermons to attack Roosevelt and Townshend advocating for federal pensions.

EPIC

Proposed public works projects, tax reform, and guaranteed pensions, suggesting unused farmland be given to the unemployed for cooperative farms.

Huey Long

A Louisiana politician who started Share the Wealth, aiming to redistribute wealth and ensure $5,000 annual income for families.

Business Plot

A 1933 conspiracy against Roosevelt, where wealthy businessmen planned a fascist veterans' organization to overthrow the president.

Banking Act of 1935

Legislation clarifying and solidifying the Banking Relief Act of 1933.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Established in 1935, aimed to provide jobs quickly, spending $5 billion on public welfare projects and employing 8 million people.

National Youth Administration

New Deal program addressing youth unemployment by providing educational grants and vocational training.

Social Security Act

Passed in 1935, provided pensions for retired workers and their spouses, and death benefits for children up to eighteen.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Sponsored by Senator Wagner, gave workers rights like collective bargaining and banned unfair labor practices.

Conservative Coalition

Formed in 1937, a group of congressmen opposing the New Deal, shaping Congress until the 1960s.

Roosevelt Recession

A downturn in the economy from mid-1937 to 1938, attributed to FDR's spending cuts in 1937.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist advocating massive deficit spending by the government to lift an economy out of a depression.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Replaced NIRA's wage and hour regulations, establishing the first national minimum hourly rate and maximum workweek.

Hatch Act

Enacted in 1939, barred federal officials from participating in political campaigns and prohibited the use of government funds for such purposes.

Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act

Paid farmers to reduce acreage by planting soil-conserving crops or letting land lie fallow.

Indian Reorganization Act

Ended assimilation policies towards Native American tribes, encouraging self-government and economic support for reservations.

Frances Perkins

First female Cabinet member, instrumental in passing social security, unemployment insurance, child labor laws, and federal minimum wage.

Congress for Industrial Organization (CIO) (1935)

Led by John L. Lewis, used sit-down strikes to organize the auto-industry.