Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections

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64 Terms

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Portuguese and Spanish controlled

major shipping routes in Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Atlantic Ocean

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Portugal financed

explorations

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Prince Henry the Navigator

(King John I’s son)

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Vasco da Gama:

explored eastern Africa, India

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Spain also did:

Financed Christopher Columbus

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Financed Christopher Columbus

explored Americas

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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494):

agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them

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England, Netherlands, France launched own explorations to acquire new colonies -

caused rise in nationalism and powerful monarchies

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Amerigo Vespucci (1500):

South America

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Ponce de Leon (1513):

Florida

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Vasco de Balboa (1513):

Central America

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Ferdinand Magellan (1519):

South America to Philippines

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Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524):

North America

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Sir Francis Drake (1578):

circumnavigated the globe

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John Cabot (1497):

North America

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Henry Hudson (1609):

Hudson River

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Sternpost Rudder:

invented in China - better control of ships

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Lateen Sails:

invented in Roman Empire - allowed directional control of ships

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Astrolabe:

navigation device that measured distance between sun and stars on horizon to determine latitude

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Magnetic Compass:

developed in China - determine direction

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Three-Masted Caravels:

large ships fit for longer journeys

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Spanish explorers found

great wealth in Aztec and Inca Empires

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Hernando Cortés:

landed on coast of Mexico in 1519 - sought to exploit the Aztec Empire of their gold and spices

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Neighbouring states were willing to help Spanish conquer

Aztecs as they had taken over a lot of the neighbouring communities - or those who didn’t cooperate were forced or killed

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Became very hungry for wealth and quickly seized

Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan

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Spanish brought smallpox to the Aztec Empire which

reduced their population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580 - Spanish were able to take control in 1525

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Francisco Pizarro took over

Inca Empire in 1531 partially due to spreading disease to them

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Spanish implemented a

hierarchical colonial society as they took over the New World

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Peninsulares:

Spanish officials governing the colonies

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Creoles:

Spanish born in colonies to Spanish parents - barred from high positions but were educated and wealthy

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Mestizos:

those with European/Native American ancestry

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Mulattos:

those with European/African ancestry

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encomineda system: Structure

native americans

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Viceroys:

governors of each of 5 regions of New Spain - established the encomienda system

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the encomienda system

system of forced labour of the natives and African slaves

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Slaves brought to New World to work

on the plantations and mines

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Europe exploited a system of slavery already existing in Africa

prisoners were supposed to serve their captors before being released

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Europeans traded for their surplus of enslaved people, but

didn’t understand that they were supposed to be released

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As demand for slaves in Europe increased, Europe became even more ruthless -

kidnapping Africans, causing wars, forcing rulers to give up their citizens

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Slaves were forced

onto ships, chained below deck, and endured brutal Middle Passage

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Around 13 million Africans were taken -

60% to South America, 35% to Caribbean, 5% to North America, around 20% of people on each trip perished

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The Columbian Exchange was the Transatlantic transfer of

animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, ideas among Europe, Americas, and Africa

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the Colombian exchange Never before had

so much moved across the ocean

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Transfer of food products caused

population increase in Europe, Asia, and Africa

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Two key products:

sugar, silver - both used significant forced labour

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sugar

(plantations appeared all over Spanish colonies)

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silver

(mining also in Spanish colonies)

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Spanish control of silver opened doors in

Ming China

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Age of Exploration:

trading, empire building, conquest - due to financing schemes

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Banking became a respectable practice - lead to

joint-stock company

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joint-stock company

(pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reducing dangers of individual investors)

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the commercial revolution led to

huge profits and modern-day concept of stock markets

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Muscovy Company, Dutch East India Company

took over trade routes

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Mercantilism:

theory that creating a favourable balance of import and export was best

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mercantilism led to

Europe’s intense colonialism to match their import demand

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mercantilism caused

resentment in colonies

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Europe established limited trade with

China from 16-18th century

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Portugal gained control of

Spice Islands to gain access to China

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China and Japan still highly limited their trade with

Europe

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Major movements of the times affected

parts of Europe differently

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People with power guarded

developments

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Peasant class weren’t able to

participate in any developments

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Powerful states were also developed in

Middle East, India, China, and Japan

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Monarchies contributed to development of

strong loyalties and led to many conflicts/wars