lecture 8 - smoking and weight management

what percent of canadians smoke

10 percent

what percent of canadians that smoke are men? what about women?

12% men, 9% women

how many deaths in canada per year occur due to smoking

45,000 deaths

how have the trends in smoking been

they have declined from 25% in 1999

when it comes to smoking, the younger you start

the more likely you are to become a heavy smoker

what is vaping

the use of an E-cigarette

(aka e-cig, electronic vaping device, personal vaporizer, or ENDS)

in 2020, how many canadians aged 15 an older had ever vaped

17%

of the 17% of canadians who had ever vaped, how many were men? how many were women?

19% of men, 14% of women

in 2020, how many canadians aged 15 an older had reported vaping in the past month

5% of canadians

what does the respiratory system do

takes in oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide, and allows for an exchange of gases in the alveoli

inhaling smoke increases the secretion of _________ in the body

mucus

inhaling smoke decreases the activity of _________ in the body

cilia

what does less cilia activity in the body lead to

more respiratory issues

what does increased mucus and coughing do to the body?

it irritates the bronchial wall and causes the scarring and narrowing of the bronchi, making it harder to breathe

how fast does it take for nicotine to enter the system

7 seconds

what cell membranes does nicotine penetrate into

penetrates the cell membranes in the nose, mouth, lungs, and blood

how does nicotine get to the brain

the blood rapidly carries the nicotine to the brain

how fast does it take for the blood to carry the nicotine to the brain

7 seconds

when nicotine enters the brain, what happens

the brain releases chemicals that activate the central and sympathetic nervous systems

when the brain activates the CNS and sympathetic nervous system, what happens

increases arousal, alertness, attention, heartrate, and blood pressure

how much chemicals does tabcco smoke contain

over 4,000 chemicals

out of the 4,000 chemicals, how many of the tobacco chemicals are carcinogens

70

what chemicals are used to preserve the cigarette

ammonia, acetone, benzopyrene, benzene, carbon monoxide, cyanide, formaldehyde

what is ammonia used for

lets smoker absorb more nicotine

what is acetone used for

active ingredient in nail polish

what is benzopyrene used for

its in coal tar and cigarette smoke

what is benzene used for

in pesticides and gasoline

what is formaldehyde used for

to preserve dead bodies

tobacco use is the cause of ______ of fatal cancers in canada

30%

when smoking, there is a ______ times risk for developing which kind of cancer

a 9X risk for developing lung cancer

true or false, one of the health hazards of smoking is a decline in memory

true

what are some long-term damages for smoking

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer

true or false, nearly all cases of emphysema are caused by long-term smoking

true

what is emphysema

a condition in which lungs dont hold air, become less elastic, and collapse

what are the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

irritability, fatigue, insomnia, coughing/dry throat, dizziness, lack of concentration

what is nicotine use disorder

a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by two or more symptoms happening in a 12 month period

what is the first symptom of nicotine use disorder

Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you intended

what is the second symptom of nicotine use disorder

Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to do so

what is the third symptom of nicotine use disorder

Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance

what is the fourth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Cravings and urges to use the substance

what is the fifth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Not managing to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use

what is the sixth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships

what is the seventh symptom of nicotine use disorder

Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use

what is the eighth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger

what is the nineth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Continuing to use, even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance

what is the tenth symptom of nicotine use disorder

Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance)

what is the eleventh symptom of nicotine use disorder

Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance

who is most likely to develop nicotine use disorder

regular smokers

what makes it easier to develop nicotine use disorder

nicotine is more addictive than alcohol and heroine

why do some people smoke?

age, culture, peer encouragement, personality characteristics, weight management, smoker's image

how does culture influence why people smoke

older people generation smoking was more common, smoking-culture acceptance

how do peers influence why people smoke

if your friends have a positive attitude about smoking you're more likely to smoke (subjective norms)

what are some personality traits that could lead to smoking

being rebellious, or a risk taker

how does "smokers image" influence why people smoke

wanting to look more cool, mature, glamorous, exciting

what are the reasons given for smoking

positive affect, negative affect, habitual, psychological dependence

what is the positive affect reason for smoking

gives stimulation, relaxation and pleasure

what is the negative affect reason for smoking

relieves boredom, stress, and depression

what is the habitual reason for smoking

the behaviour becomes a habit

what is the psychological reason for smoking

use it to regulate emotions

what are the factors that maintain a nicotine addiction

physical addiction, physical habit, emotional support, personal identity, fear of weight gain, social habit

what percent of people who quit smoking relapse within a year

50-80% of people

what is the primary reason for smoking relapse

stress (smoking is seen to help stress)

what helps to protect against relapse

social support

what is the most important factor for quitting smoking

self-efficacy for quitting

what is the abstinence-violation effect

the tendency to start smoking again after a lapse because of reduced self-efficacy for quitting and reminder about positive effects of smoking

true or false, weight gain after quitting often leads to relapse

true

why does weight gain after quitting often leads to relapse

without nicotine, caloric intake increases and metabolism decreases

how does the precontemplation stage apply to quitting smoking

"i don't have a problem" "I smoke a lot but it doesn't mean I have to quit" "I'm probably not going to be able to quit so I'm not going to try"

how does the contemplation stage apply to quitting smoking

"My teeth are getting yellow, I should do something about that but I want to keep smoking"

how does the preparation stage apply to quitting smoking

(what you're doing to do) "this is the last box of cigarette I'm going to buy, and will not get anymore"

"At the beginning of next month I'm going to stop smoking"

"I'm going to look up some resources"

"I will buy nicotine patches"

how does the action stage apply to quitting smoking

actually buying the nicotine patches and not buying cigs anymore

how does the maintenance stage apply to quitting smoking

doing it for a long time, 6 months is cut time-frame but not set in stone

what are some effective treatments for nicotine

NRTs: Patch, gum, lozenges, sprays, inhalers

Varenicline (Chantix): Reduces cravings

Bupropion: Keeps dopamine levels up

when quitting smoking, __________ levels drops in your body within ___________ hours

carbon monoxide, 8 hours

within _________ hours of quitting smoking, _____________ begin to improve

48 hours , smell and taste

within _________ hours of quitting smoking, bronchial tubes relax making it easier to breathe

72 hours

within _________ hours of quitting smoking, circulation improves and lung functioning increases up to ____%

2 weeks-3 months, 30%

within _________ months of quitting smoking, sinus congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath improve

6 months

within a year of quitting smoking, what is cut in half

heart attacks related to smoking

within _________ years of quitting smoking, risk of dying from ___________ is cut in half

10 years, lung cancer

within _________ years of quitting smoking, the risk of __________ is equal to someone who has never smoked

15 years, risk of dying of a heart attack

what is obesity

a complex chronic disease where excess body fat impairs health, and increases the risk of long-term medical complications and reduced lifespan

true or false, obesity is based off of BMI

false

how do you calculate BMI

Body weight in kg / height in metres squared

what is considered overweight? what about obese?

Overweight = 25-29.9 BMI

Obese = ≥ 30 BMI

In ___________, ________% of adult Canadians had a BMI of _______ or higher

2016, 26.4%, 30

the prevalence of obesity in adults has increased dramatically, by how much?

it has tripled since 1985

obesity is associated with complications including:

hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

in canada, immigrants are less likely to be obese than non-immigrants, by how much?

Immigrants (17%)

non-immigrants (30%)

what are the biological factors to why people gain weight

Lower metabolic rate, Malfunctioning endocrine glands, Heredity

what is the set point theory

when your body tries to maintain a set weight, so there isnt much

what are the psychological factors to weight gain

- eat more when stressed

- alcohol adds calories and reduces fat disposal

- watching tv (can reduce metabolic weight rates)

true or false, eating a balanced meal means to have as few calories as you can

false

when eating a balanced meal, what do you have to pay attention to

balancing between too many calorie-dense foods versus avoiding food

what diseases are caused by poor nutritional balance

Colon, stomach, pancreatic, prostate, and breast cancer

Hypertension (salt and high body weight)

Hypercholesterolemia (saturated fats)

Type II diabetes (body weight, sugar, fats)

what does metabolic syndrome do

increases risk for CVD including strokes and type 2 diabetes

what cluster of symptoms is associated with metabolic syndrome among 822 African American girls and boys

Fitzpatrick et al. (2013

waist circumference

lower HDL levels

fasting insulin level (due to insulin resistance)

systolic blood pressure

Current clinical guidelines recommend_________________ as the psychological treatment of choice in the management of adult obesity

multi component lifestyle interventions

when it comes to multi-component lifestyle interventions, it is recommended that these interventions be delivered by multidisciplinary teams, including :

psychologists, physicians, dieticians, and exercise physiologists

what are some psychological weight management strategies

- nutrition and exercise counselling

-self-monitoring

- stimulus control techniques

- cognitive restructuring

- altering the act of eating

- behavioural contracting