APUSH Periods 1-4 Review

Use for AP Exam as well for context

maize cultivation

The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.

capitalism

Economic system based on private investment and possessions

great basin

Desert area with no drainage to the ocean

spanish exploration

Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god

encomienda system

A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity.

white superiority

The European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them

great plains

The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback

Portuguese exploration

Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies

feudalism

A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection

Colombian exchange

the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.

Indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

King Phillip's War

Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.

royal colony

A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king

proprietary colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Triangular Slave Trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.

Join or Die

Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union, 1754

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

Seven Years' (French and Indian) War

fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies

"No Taxation Without Representation."

a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.".

Enlightenment

a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state

Benjamin Franklin

One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.

The Patriot Movement

Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists."

Colonial Militias

Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny.

The Continental Army

formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief)

George Washington

General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Published in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright.

The Declaration of Independence

the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.

Republican Motherhood

Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously.

Legislative Branch

The branch of government tasked with writing laws.

Judicial Branch

The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws.

Executive Branch

The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws.

The Articles of Confederation

An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America.

Constitutional Convention

took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.

Federalism

a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

Separation of Powers

Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches.

The Federalist Papers

a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury

James Madison

Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States

Bill of Rights

the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.

National Identity

one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics.

The Northwest Ordinance

created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.

French Revolution

a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.

Popular Sovereignty

the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

mercantilism

The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.

isolationist

Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars.

ratification

The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.

bicameral

Referring to a legislative body with two houses

Democratic-Republicans

Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"

Era of Good Feelings

Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe

Democrats

Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"

Whig Party

Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government

Andrew Jackson

Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).

John Marshall

Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress

Market Economy

Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand

Embargo Act (1807)

Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process

Tariff of Abominations 1828

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)

Second Great Awakening

An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals

Utopian Communities

Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature

John Deere

Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow

Lowell System

Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA

Mason-Dixon Line

Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

War Hawks

Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest

War of 1812

1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century

Manifest Destiny

Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical

The American System

Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states

Spoils System

Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.

Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)

The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)

The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

interchangeable parts

Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system

tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.

sectionalist

Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole

embargo

A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port

nationalism

A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies

internal improvements

The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.

temperance

Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.