AP Psychology - Intelligence

francis galton

francis galton

intelligence is dependent on physical abilities like reaction time, pain tolerance, and strength

alfred binet

hired to identify special education children, developed concepts of mental and chronological age

lewis terman

created the stanford-binet intelligence test, sympathized with eugenics and believed intelligence is born with

william stern

invented the iq formula

david wechsler

created the WAIS made up of 15 different subtests, gives overall and separate scores

charles spearman

intelligence has two components: g-factor (general intelligence) and s-factor (specific cognitive intellectual skills)

howard gardner

created the theory of multiple intelligences

robert sternberg

triarchic theory: analytical, experiential, and practical

fluid intelligence

cognitive abilities requiring speed or rappid learning, tends to diminish with age

crystallized intelligence

learned knowledge and skills, tends to increase with age

standardization

a large, representative sample takes the test, establishing a norm. administrators must give the same directions, time limits, and conditions, and all scorers must use the same scoring systems.

norm

standards used to compare scores of test takers

reliability

a test that allows you to obtain the same score no matter where, when, or how many times you take it

test-retest reliability

you take the test once, and take the same test again

split-half reliability

test is split into halves and the scores are compared

alternate form reliability

test is given with two forms, scores are compared between forms

validity

how accurately a test measures what it’s supposed to measure or predict

face validity

the degree to which the material on a test appears on the surface to accurately measure what it’s supposed to

content validity

does the content of the test measure what it’s supposed to measure?

criterion-related validity

the degree to which scores on an assessment are positively correlated to another well-established assessment pool for a particular skill, trait, or ability given at the same time

predictive validity

does the test predict what it’s supposed to predict?

construct validity

the degree to which an assessment accurately measures a given hypothetical or theoretical idea (construct = hard to define operationally)

aptitude test

assess an individual’s potential to learn or do something

achievement test

measure what an individual has already learned

fixed mindset

intelligence is fixed from birth and cannot be significantly changed

growth mindset

intelligence is malleable and can be developed due to dedication and effort

self-fulfilling prophecy

beliefs or expectations about others or oneself that, when held strongly, influences behavior in a way that confirms or fulfills the belief or expectation

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

stereotype lift

if you’re confident that you or “your type” will do well on a test, being exposed to situations that create stereotype threat in outgroup members may actually improve your performance