Biochemistry Section Vitamins & Minerals

what is vitamin B1 called?

thiamine

what is the active form of vitamin B1?

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

what is another name for thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)?

thiamin diphosphate

what type of reaction does vitamin B1 play a role in?

decarboxylation

what is a decarboxylation reaction?

removes a carboxyl group

what condition occurs when there is a deficiency in vitamin B1?

Beri Beri and Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

what are the two types of Beri Beir?

wet and dry

what does wet Beri Beri impact?

cardiovascular system

what does dry Beri Beri impact?

PNS (neuropathy)

what is Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome associated with?

chronic alcoholism

what is vitamin B2?

riboflavin

what is the active form of vitamin B2?

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

what type of reaction does vitamin B2 play a role in?

oxidation/reduction and dehydrogenase enzyme

what can destroy vitamin B2?

light

what condition occurs with a vitamin B2 deficiency?

cheilosis (angular stomaitis)

what is cheilosis?

cracking and crusting at the corners of the mouth, also may have magenta tongue

what is vitamin B3?

niacin

what is the active form of B3?

nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide (NAD)

what type of reaction does vitamin B3 play a role in?

oxidation/reduction and dehydrogenase enzyme

what amino acid can B3 be derived from?

tryptophan

what condition is associated with a B3 deficiency?

pellagra (4 D’s)

black tongue

what are the 4 D’s of pellagra?

dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death

what is vitamin B5?

pantothenate

what is the active form of B5?

panthenol

what reaction is B5 apart of?

structural component of coenzyme A

what is vitamin B6?

pyridoxine

what is the active form of vitamin B6?

pyridoxal-5-phosphate

what types of reactions does B6 play a role in?

transamination and amino acid metabolism

which vitamin is required for tryptophan to be made into niacin?

vitamin B6

what is vitamin B7?

biotin

what is the active form of vitamin B7?

biotin

what types of reactions does B7 play a role in?

carboxylation

what happens in a carboxylation reaction?

add carboxyl group

what is associted with a B7 deficiency?

hair loss and brittle nails

what is vitamin B9?

folic acid or folate

what is the active form of B9?

tetrahydrofolate

what reaction does B9 play a role in?

methylation

DNA and RNA synthesis

what occurs in a methylation reaction?

donate methyl group

what conditions are associated with a vitamin B9 deficiency?

megaloblastic anemia

glossitis

neural tube defect

what is vitamin B12?

cobalamin

what is the active from of vitamin B12?

methylcobalamin

what reaction does B12 play a role in?

homocysteine remethylation

what conditions are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?

megaloblastic anemia

pernicious anemia

combined systems disease

what is decreased in pernicious anemia?

intrinsic factor

what is combined systems disease also known as?

posterolateral sclerosis

what is the active form vitamin C?

ascorbic acid

what is vitamin C?

an antioxidant

whar does vitamin C play a role in?

collagen synthesis and iron absorption

what conditions are associated with vitamin C deficiency?

scurvy

fragile blood vessels

decreased would healing

which vitamins can be made in the intestines?

B6, B7 and vitamin K

what are the water soluble vitamins?

thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenate (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), cobalamin (B12), vitamin C

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, witamin K.

what is the pnemonic for fat soluble vitamins?

A fat DEK

what is the active form of vitamin A?

retinal and retinoic acid

what is the MOST active form of vitamin A?

retinoic acid

what is the role of vitamin A?

vision and growth

what conditions occur with vitamin A deficiency?

nyctalopia (night blindness)

keratomalacia (degeneration of cornea)

xerophthalmia (dry eyes)

what is vitamin A a precursor for?

phodopsin

what is the active form of vitamin D?

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

what is the role of vitamin D?

calcium and phosphate metabolism

what conditions are associated with vitamin D deficiency?

rickets (kids) and osteomalacia (adults)

what does vitamin D do?

increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and facilitates renal reabsorption, leading to increased serum calcium and phosphate levels

where is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol made?

through the skin

what is the most active form of vitamin E?

alpha-tocopherol w

what is the role of vitamin E?

lipid antioxidant

what condition occurs with excess vitamin E?

diarrhea

what else does vitamin E do?

protect cells from damage caused by free radicals

what are the best sources of vitamin E?

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

what is the active from of vitamin K?

hydroquinone

what is the role of vitamin K?

precursor of coenzyme Q, blood clotting

what happens when there is a deficiency in vitamin K?

increased clotting time which leads to hemorrhage

what is the function of chormium?

increases the power of insulin

what is the biologically active form of chromium?

glucose tolerance factor

what does a deficiency in chromium cause?

impaired glucose tolerance

what is the function of cobalt?

one of the components of vitamin B12

what does a deficiency in cobalt cause?

same deficiencies as vitamin B12

what is the function of magnesium?

binds to ATP, muscle contraction/relaxation, protein production, cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems

what does a deficiency in magnesium result in?

hyper-excitability, muscle weakness, sleepiness

what is the function of iodine?

thyroid gland convert iodine into thyroid hormones

what is iodine stored as?

thyroglobulin

what is the result of iodine deficiency in children?

cretinism

what is the result of iodine deficiency in adults?

goiter, myxedema

what is the function of iron?

used to make hemoglobin and myoglobin

what does iron deficiency result in?

hypochromic microcytic anemia

what is the function of selenium?

antioxidant

what is the function of zinc?

carbonic anhydrase, immune system, taste, wound healing, prostate

what does zinc deficiency result in?

impaired wound healing

what is the function of fluoride?

increase hardness of teeth

what does a deficiency of fluoride result in?

dental carries

what does an excess of fluoride result in?

hyperfluorosis

what vitamins and minerals are antioxidants?

vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, glutathione, lipoic acid, coQ10

what is the transported form of iron?

transferrin

what is the stored form of iron?

ferritin

what is the absorbed form of iron?

ferrus

what is the active form of iron?

ferric

what is methylation?

a simple biochemical process that occurs throughout the entire body at all times

what is methionine synthase?

the enzyme required to convert homocysteine to methionine

what activates methionine synthase?

vitamin B12

what does B9 donate to B12 in the methylation cycle?

a methyl group

what does B12 give the donated methyl group to?

homocysteine