biology

Cell

Cell

Cells are the basic unit of all living things...if it is alive it has cells.

Cell Membrane

(AKA Plasma Membrane)

It's just like a turtle's skin

Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis

Provides protection and structural support for the cell

Cytoskeleton

Each eukaryotic cell has a cytoskeleton, it helps the cell move, keep it's shape and organize it's parts

Ribosomes

A cell organelle made of RNA and protein.

Some are free-floating while others are attached

Ribosomes are where RNA is translated into protein.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of internal membranes that produce proteins and lipids. There are two types of ER Rough and Smooth

Rough ER

ribosomes are attached (giving it a bumpy appearance); membrane makes vesicles around proteins to send them elsewhere

Smooth ER

has no attached ribosomes; makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances like drugs and alcohol

Organelle

Cell "parts" EX. cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, vacuole, lysosome, chloroplast

Lysosomes

a vesicle that contains specific enzymes that break down large molecules. It can digest food particles, old damaged or unused organelles, and recycle materials in the cell. It defends cells from invading bacteria and viruses

Lysosomes are made by the Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

A small, often spherical shaped sac that divides material from the rest of the cytoplasm and transports materials from place to place in the cell

Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies

a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages cell products for distribution

Centrioles

cylindrical in shape and function in the reproduction of the cell

Nucleus

The nucleus controls the cell. The nucleus is like the turtle's brain. It is the storehouse for most of the genetic information (DNA).

Ii's surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the gelatin-like, semi-transparent liquid that fills the cell. (think "Jello" inside a cell....it's goop) It holds the ORGANelles

Cytoplasm is like the turtles blood and other liquids.

Mitochondria

is an organelle that uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP

Mitochondria is like a turtle's stomach.

Vacuoles

A single large, membrane-bound compartment which stores water, ions, nutrients, and waste. It helps plants maintain shape Ex. When the vacuole is full, it allows the plant to stand upright, when it loses water, the plant wilts)

It's like "fat" on a turtle

Chloroplast

is an organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water

Found only in plant cells and some plant-like protists

Cell Wall

Cell Walls are only in plant cells

They make the cell strong and rigid

They are like a turtle's shell (but only plants have them...that's why grass stands straight up!)

Supports & protects cells

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell. They do not have structures surrounded by membranes. Few internal structures. Ex. One-celled organisms, Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell. It contains organelles surrounded by membranes. Most living organisms.

Phospholipid

A class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers. It consists of two hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic (water loving) "head".

Equilibrium

a state that exists when all molecules are evenly spaced

Concentration Gradient

the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Diffusion

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

(High to Low)

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Water moves from high to low concentrations

Endocytosis

Taking bulky material into a cell

Uses energy

Cell membrane in-folds around food particle

Forms food vacuole & fuses with lysosome to digest food

"cell eating"—phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Forces material out of cell in bulk

membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane

Cell changes shape - requires energy

Phagocytosis

"Cell eating"

Active Transport

Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradients

(Low High) 3 Types: Protein Pumps, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Passive Transport

molecules move randomly

cell uses no energy

Molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Substances cross the cell membrane DOWN their concentration gradient

(High Low) 3 types: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and Osmosis

Cytosol

The liquid part of the cytoplasm. Cytosol is the fluid without any organelles and the cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance together with the organelles.

Tissue

A tissue is a distinct group of cells that have similar structures and functions

Organ system

Various organs that carry out a major body function make up an organ system

Flagellum

A long, threadlike structure that rotates to quickly move an organism

Organ

Different tissues may be arranged into an organ, which is a specialized structure that has a specific function

Colonial Organism

A collection of genetically identical cells that are permanently associated with but do not work together.

Facilitated diffusion

When substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules.

Channel proteins (pores) allow ions, sugar, and amino acids to diffuse through the cell membrane. Carrier Proteins are specific - they "select" only certain molecules that fit into their binding site to cross the membrane

Transports larger or charged molecules

Lipid bilayer

Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids

Phosphate head is polar (water-loving)

Fatty acid tails non-polar (water-fearing)

Isotonic

The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. The cell stays the same size

hypotonic

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) The cell swells and bursts open

hypertonic

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) The cell shrinks

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells have chloroplasts, a large central vacoule, and a cell wall outside of the cell membrane

Animal cells have centrioles

Alb-

white

Centri-

center

Chlor-

Green

Cyt-, cyte-

hollow container

Eu-

True, well ,good, normal

Ex-

out of away from

Mito-

thread

Phag-

eat

Plasm, plast-,

form formed into

-sis

condition or state