Mental Health
Ability to think, learn and understand emotions and reactions
State of balance within and with the environment influenced by physical, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual factors
Allows us to realize, cope, work and make contributions
Thoughts, Emotions, Body Reactions, Behavior
Four basic dimensions of Mental Health
Physical
Mental Health is as important as ____ Health
Dual Continuum Model
Corey Keyes
A model suggesting that Mental Health and Illnesses, despite being related, are two distinct dimensions, wherein the absence of one does not necessarily equate to presence of another.
Flourishing
Reaching a state of Mental Stability
Sense of balance in social, personal, and professional life, bringing joy and purpose to an individual
Positive functioning
Languishing
State of being characterized by general disinterest and perception of poor social support systems
Absence of positive mental well-being
True
One can have an absence of illnesses or other related problems and still have an overall lacking mental health.
PERMA Model of Well-Being
Martin Seligman
A model consisted of
Positive Emotion; positive state of well-being Engagement; Engaging in an activity which we enjoy doing Relationships; Meaningful connections with others Meaning; More to life than materialistic goods Accomplishments; Achievements we take pride in
Stress
Tension or Discomfort we feel when something strains our ability to cope effectively
Stressors
Events causing a stress reaction
Some may be beneficial as they lead to our growth
Eustress
Effects of positive events; Optimal amount of stress to promote well-being
Distress
Unpleasant and undesirable stressors
Traumatic Event
Event so severe it has the potential to produce long-term consequences
Psychoneuroimmunology
Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye
All prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation; Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Coping Strategies
Actions taken to minimize effect of stressors
Problem-focused coping
A way of coping wherein an individual tries to directly manage a harmful stressor through solutions or action
Most effective when there is personal control
Emotion-focused coping
A way of coping wherein one tries to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressor
It is used when one cannot change the stressor
Hardiness
An individual difference where hardy people view change as a challenge and believe they can control events
Optimism
Individual difference where optimistic people are more productive than pessimists
Self-enhancement
Individual difference where self-centered people also bear up well under stress
Spirituality and religion
Health benefits in individual differences
Rumination
Focusing on how bad we feel; Overanalyzing cause and effect of problems
Behavioral control
Gaining control through the ability of stepping up and doing something to reduce the impacts of stressful situations
Cognitive Control
Ability to gain control by cognitively restructuring or thinking differently about negative emotions
Decisional Control
Gaining control through the ability to choose among alternative courses of action
Informational Control
Gaining control through the ability to acquire information about a stressful event
Emotional Control
Gaining control through the ability to suppress and express emotions
Catharsis
Gaining control through disclosing painful feelings
Crisis debriefing
Gaining control through a single-session procedure typically done in groups
C
All are psychological factors of stress except
a. Uncontrollability b. Pressure c. Social Isolation d. Aggression
Abnormal
"Away from the norm"
Psychological Disorder
Collection of problems in thinking, emotional regulation, and social behavior
Form of deviant behavior that is usually distressful
Distress
Emotional or physical pain causing a person great stress
Characterized many disorders including depression and anxiety
Dangerousness
Potential harm to self and others
Deviance
Highly unusual behavior based on social/cultural norms [standards used to make judgements]
Dysfunction
Ability to function is disrupted
Composed of value judgement [harmful] and objective component [not being able to perform]
Absence of Pathology
No signs & symptoms
Normal lab results
Pathology
Branch of medicine concerned with the study of the nature of diseases
Chronic
Long duration, Low intensity of symptoms
Acute
Short duration, high intensity of symptoms
Neurosis
High level of unrealistic anxiety, recognition of symptoms as unacceptable [Distressing, Enduring, No physical basis]
Psychosis
Loss of contact with reality; hallucinations and delusions
Out of control behavior
Psychopathology
Study of abnormal behavior and the nature of diseases
Psychoanalytic theorists
A psychological viewpoint that assumes abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges fighting to become conscious
Behaviorists
Psychological viewpoint where abnormal behaviors are thought to be learned
Cognitive theorists
Psychological viewpoint where abnormal behaviors are seen as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical thought patterns
Biopsychosocial Model
George Engel
Model of which emphasizes on interconnection between biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health, illnesses, and healthcare delivery
Biological Factors
Explaining behavior as caused by changes in the body
Psychological Perspective
Cognition, mood, behavior; Coping mechanisms, intelligence, emotional regulation
Sociocultural Perspective
Cultural relativity & Culture bound syndromes
Situational context as the environmental setting of a person's behavior
Stress Vulnerability Model
Joseph Zubin
Model used for identifying and treating relapses in a variety of mental illness.
Assumes a biological sensitivity to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.
Vulnerability
Basic susceptibility to health disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder consisting of persistent anxiety for over at least a month already. One cannot specify a reason
Panic Disorder
Anxiety disorder marked by sudden onset of intense terror
Strikes without warning and produces severe shortness of breath among others
Phobic Disorder
Anxiety disorder wherein one has an irrational overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object
In comparison to phobia, a person with this type of disorder cannot pinpoint the cause
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety-provoking thoughts that may be accompanied by the urge to perform repetitive behavior
Common compulsions include excessing cleaning, checking and counting
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety disorder developed through exposure of severely oppressive situations
Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings including one or more episodes of mania
Manic
Quality of excessive excitement energy or irritability
Depressive
Sad or hopeless periods
Depressive Disorders
Characterized as hopelessness and loss of will to live lasting at least over 2 weeks
May be caused by Learned helplessness through theories Distorted, Illogical thinking as seen by cognitive theories Biological explanations focuses on the function of brain chemicals
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder condition in which an individually has an intense fear of gaining weight and has a distorted perception of weight
Restricts amount of food intake and Excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder cycle
Binging [overeating in one sitting] and then Purging [Self-induced vomiting] to avoid weight gain
Dissociative Disorder
Psychological disorder involving sudden loss of memory or identity change
Dissociative Amnesia
Extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological factors such as extreme stress
Dissociative Fugue
Disorder in which not only amnesia is developed but also an individual travels away and establishes a new identity
Multiple Personality Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder is also known as ___
Individuals have more than one distinct personalities
Schizophrenia
Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought process
Bizarre behavior, unable to distinguish fantasy and reality
Hallucinations
Break away from the ability to perceive reality and fantasy
Delusions
False belief held by refusing to accept falseness
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Type of schizophrenia wherein the individual has hallucinations/delusions that have little to no recognizable meaning
Withdrawal from human contact, childlike behavior
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Type of schizophrenia characterized by bizarre motor behavior
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur and persecution
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Type of Schizophrenia characterized by being a mix of all other 3 types
Personality Disorder
Chronic, cognitive behavioral patterns a person adopts that interferes with normal social interactions
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A pervasive type of personality disorder characterized by the pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Type of personality disorder in which it is the pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
Histrionic Behavior
Personality disorder characterized by patter on excessive emotions and attention seeking, sexual provocation is use to seek others' attention
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Personality disorder wherein an individual possesses suspicion without sufficient basis, feelings of victimization with unjustified doubts, and bearing grudges.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Personality disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, moods and control over impulses among others
Biological Treatments
Psychological disorder treatment aiming to reduce or eliminate symptoms by altering bodily functions
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Type of Biological Treatment bringing brief electrical pulses to the brain producing and seizure, used to treat serious psychological problems
Memory and attention problems can persist 6 months after treatment
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Biological Treatment in which electrical pulses are used to treat major depression
Compared to ECT, a larger scale study has not yet been done
Pharmacotherapy
Biological treatment that uses medications to treat psychological problems
Side effects are usually reversible when drug is discontinued
Tardive Dyskinesia
Irreversible side effect of some antipsychotic drugs that causes involuntary movement of muscles
Psychiatrists
Medical Doctors authorized to give medications and order ECTs
Psychotherapy
Process used to help individuals recognize, define, overcome difficulties
Types; Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic
Empirically Supported Therapies
Treatments for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
Dodo bird verdict
Researchers believe that all treatments are equal and effective
Anytime
When is professional help needed
Positive Psychology
Branch of Psychology that focuses on empirical studies relating to positive concepts of one's psychological wellness
Learned Helplessness
Martin Seligman
State that occurs after a person has experience a stressful situation repeatedly
Come to believe that one cannot control/change the situation so they do not try at all anymore
Learned Optimism
Concept in which we can change our attitude and behavior by recognizing and challenging our negative self-talks among others
Authentic Happiness
Comes from identifying and cultivating most fundamental strengths and using them in every day functions
Living of character and virtue