Mental Health

Mental Health

Ability to think, learn and understand emotions and reactions

State of balance within and with the environment influenced by physical, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual factors

Allows us to realize, cope, work and make contributions

Thoughts, Emotions, Body Reactions, Behavior

Four basic dimensions of Mental Health

Physical

Mental Health is as important as ____ Health

Dual Continuum Model

Corey Keyes

A model suggesting that Mental Health and Illnesses, despite being related, are two distinct dimensions, wherein the absence of one does not necessarily equate to presence of another.

Flourishing

Reaching a state of Mental Stability

Sense of balance in social, personal, and professional life, bringing joy and purpose to an individual

Positive functioning

Languishing

State of being characterized by general disinterest and perception of poor social support systems

Absence of positive mental well-being

True

One can have an absence of illnesses or other related problems and still have an overall lacking mental health.

PERMA Model of Well-Being

Martin Seligman

A model consisted of

Positive Emotion; positive state of well-being
Engagement; Engaging in an activity which we enjoy doing
Relationships; Meaningful connections with others
Meaning; More to life than materialistic goods
Accomplishments; Achievements we take pride in

Stress

Tension or Discomfort we feel when something strains our ability to cope effectively

Stressors

Events causing a stress reaction

Some may be beneficial as they lead to our growth

Eustress

Effects of positive events; Optimal amount of stress to promote well-being

Distress

Unpleasant and undesirable stressors

Traumatic Event

Event so severe it has the potential to produce long-term consequences

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

General Adaptation Syndrome

Hans Selye

All prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation; Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Coping Strategies

Actions taken to minimize effect of stressors

Problem-focused coping

A way of coping wherein an individual tries to directly manage a harmful stressor through solutions or action

Most effective when there is personal control

Emotion-focused coping

A way of coping wherein one tries to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressor

It is used when one cannot change the stressor

Hardiness

An individual difference where hardy people view change as a challenge and believe they can control events

Optimism

Individual difference where optimistic people are more productive than pessimists

Self-enhancement

Individual difference where self-centered people also bear up well under stress

Spirituality and religion

Health benefits in individual differences

Rumination

Focusing on how bad we feel; Overanalyzing cause and effect of problems

Behavioral control

Gaining control through the ability of stepping up and doing something to reduce the impacts of stressful situations

Cognitive Control

Ability to gain control by cognitively restructuring or thinking differently about negative emotions

Decisional Control

Gaining control through the ability to choose among alternative courses of action

Informational Control

Gaining control through the ability to acquire information about a stressful event

Emotional Control

Gaining control through the ability to suppress and express emotions

Catharsis

Gaining control through disclosing painful feelings

Crisis debriefing

Gaining control through a single-session procedure typically done in groups

C

All are psychological factors of stress except

a. Uncontrollability
b. Pressure
c. Social Isolation
d. Aggression

Abnormal

"Away from the norm"

Psychological Disorder

Collection of problems in thinking, emotional regulation, and social behavior

Form of deviant behavior that is usually distressful

Distress

Emotional or physical pain causing a person great stress

Characterized many disorders including depression and anxiety

Dangerousness

Potential harm to self and others

Deviance

Highly unusual behavior based on social/cultural norms [standards used to make judgements]

Dysfunction

Ability to function is disrupted

Composed of value judgement [harmful] and objective component [not being able to perform]

Absence of Pathology

No signs & symptoms

Normal lab results

Pathology

Branch of medicine concerned with the study of the nature of diseases

Chronic

Long duration, Low intensity of symptoms

Acute

Short duration, high intensity of symptoms

Neurosis

High level of unrealistic anxiety, recognition of symptoms as unacceptable [Distressing, Enduring, No physical basis]

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality; hallucinations and delusions

Out of control behavior

Psychopathology

Study of abnormal behavior and the nature of diseases

Psychoanalytic theorists

A psychological viewpoint that assumes abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges fighting to become conscious

Behaviorists

Psychological viewpoint where abnormal behaviors are thought to be learned

Cognitive theorists

Psychological viewpoint where abnormal behaviors are seen as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical thought patterns

Biopsychosocial Model

George Engel

Model of which emphasizes on interconnection between biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health, illnesses, and healthcare delivery

Biological Factors

Explaining behavior as caused by changes in the body

Psychological Perspective

Cognition, mood, behavior; Coping mechanisms, intelligence, emotional regulation

Sociocultural Perspective

Cultural relativity & Culture bound syndromes

Situational context as the environmental setting of a person's behavior

Stress Vulnerability Model

Joseph Zubin

Model used for identifying and treating relapses in a variety of mental illness.

Assumes a biological sensitivity to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.

Vulnerability

Basic susceptibility to health disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder consisting of persistent anxiety for over at least a month already. One cannot specify a reason

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder marked by sudden onset of intense terror

Strikes without warning and produces severe shortness of breath among others

Phobic Disorder

Anxiety disorder wherein one has an irrational overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object

In comparison to phobia, a person with this type of disorder cannot pinpoint the cause

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety-provoking thoughts that may be accompanied by the urge to perform repetitive behavior

Common compulsions include excessing cleaning, checking and counting

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Anxiety disorder developed through exposure of severely oppressive situations

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings including one or more episodes of mania

Manic

Quality of excessive excitement energy or irritability

Depressive

Sad or hopeless periods

Depressive Disorders

Characterized as hopelessness and loss of will to live lasting at least over 2 weeks

May be caused by
Learned helplessness through theories
Distorted, Illogical thinking as seen by cognitive theories
Biological explanations focuses on the function of brain chemicals

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder condition in which an individually has an intense fear of gaining weight and has a distorted perception of weight

Restricts amount of food intake and Excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder cycle

Binging [overeating in one sitting] and then Purging [Self-induced vomiting] to avoid weight gain

Dissociative Disorder

Psychological disorder involving sudden loss of memory or identity change

Dissociative Amnesia

Extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological factors such as extreme stress

Dissociative Fugue

Disorder in which not only amnesia is developed but also an individual travels away and establishes a new identity

Multiple Personality Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder is also known as ___

Individuals have more than one distinct personalities

Schizophrenia

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought process

Bizarre behavior, unable to distinguish fantasy and reality

Hallucinations

Break away from the ability to perceive reality and fantasy

Delusions

False belief held by refusing to accept falseness

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia wherein the individual has hallucinations/delusions that have little to no recognizable meaning

Withdrawal from human contact, childlike behavior

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia characterized by bizarre motor behavior

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur and persecution

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

Type of Schizophrenia characterized by being a mix of all other 3 types

Personality Disorder

Chronic, cognitive behavioral patterns a person adopts that interferes with normal social interactions

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A pervasive type of personality disorder characterized by the pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder in which it is the pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

Histrionic Behavior

Personality disorder characterized by patter on excessive emotions and attention seeking, sexual provocation is use to seek others' attention

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Personality disorder wherein an individual possesses suspicion without sufficient basis, feelings of victimization with unjustified doubts, and bearing grudges.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Personality disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, moods and control over impulses among others

Biological Treatments

Psychological disorder treatment aiming to reduce or eliminate symptoms by altering bodily functions

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Type of Biological Treatment bringing brief electrical pulses to the brain producing and seizure, used to treat serious psychological problems

Memory and attention problems can persist 6 months after treatment

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Biological Treatment in which electrical pulses are used to treat major depression

Compared to ECT, a larger scale study has not yet been done

Pharmacotherapy

Biological treatment that uses medications to treat psychological problems

Side effects are usually reversible when drug is discontinued

Tardive Dyskinesia

Irreversible side effect of some antipsychotic drugs that causes involuntary movement of muscles

Psychiatrists

Medical Doctors authorized to give medications and order ECTs

Psychotherapy

Process used to help individuals recognize, define, overcome difficulties

Types; Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic

Empirically Supported Therapies

Treatments for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence

Dodo bird verdict

Researchers believe that all treatments are equal and effective

Anytime

When is professional help needed

Positive Psychology

Branch of Psychology that focuses on empirical studies relating to positive concepts of one's psychological wellness

Learned Helplessness

Martin Seligman

State that occurs after a person has experience a stressful situation repeatedly

Come to believe that one cannot control/change the situation so they do not try at all anymore

Learned Optimism

Concept in which we can change our attitude and behavior by recognizing and challenging our negative self-talks among others

Authentic Happiness

Comes from identifying and cultivating most fundamental strengths and using them in every day functions

Living of character and virtue