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___ is the largest money generating US agricultural industry
Beef
The US is the ___ beef producer in the world
Top
The beef industry is worth $___ annually
45
Cattle eat ___ and food ___ to produce muscle for food
Grass, Byproducts
The beef industry utilizes land ___ for cultivation
Unsuitable
Cattle breeds are classified by ___ ___
Geographic origin
___ and ___ cattle are British breeds
Angus, Hereford
___ breeds are younger maturing meaning they're ___ with ___ quality meat at marketing
British, Smaller, Higher
___ ___ are very popular crossbreds for their high quality meat and hardiness, coming from their parent breeds the ___ and ___
Black Baldie, Angus, Hereford
___ breeds are later maturing meaning they're ___ with ___ meat at marketing
Continental, Larger, More
Charolais and Limousin are ___ breeds
Continental
Beef cattle are ___, ___, or ___ origin
British, Continental, Zebu
___ breeds require more land but produce ___ meat
Continental, More
___ breeds produces ___ but ___ quality meat
British, Less, Better
___ breeds are ___ and ___ resistant
Zebu, Temperature, Insect
___ and ___ cattle are Zebu origin
Brahman, Brangus
Calves move from cow-calf to ___ operations, later maturing cattle might also go to ___ operations in between
Feeder/Feedlot, Stocker
Cow-calf operations produce ___-___ month old calves
6, 10
Cow-calf operations want to produce the ___ calves for the ___ cost
Heaviest, Least
Cow-calf ranches have typically under ___ cows
100
___ operations aim to promote skeletal growth
Stocker
Stocker operations produce ___-___ month old calves
12, 20
Stocker operations utilize ___ and ___ for low costs
Pasture, Forage
Feedlot operations produce ___-___ month old calves
16, 30
___ operations utilize high energy feeds for fattening
Feeder/Feedlot
___ maturing calves go through stocker operations before ___
Late, Feeder
___ maturing calves only go to two facilities before processing
Early
___ producers are specialized cow-calf producers
Seedstock
___ are important statistics for purebred producers
EPDs
Cows should produce one ___ per ___
Calf, Year
Heifers have their first calf at ___ years old when they are ___% of mature weight
2, 65
The ideal calving interval is ___ months
12
Cow gestation is ___ days
280
Cows theoretically have ___ ___ cycle to rebreed but actually have ___-___ months
1 estrous, 2, 3
___ traits are more heritable while ___ traits are less
Carcass, Reproductive
___ causes crossbred cattle to be ___ productive
Heterosis, More
Cattle are ___ so they utilize forages but may be also fed ___
Ruminants, Supplements
___ and ___ control are important medical measures for cattle management
Vaccinations, Parasite
The cow's estrous cycle is ___ days while estrus is ___ hours
21, 13-17
Beef calves are weaned at approximately ___ months or ___-___ pounds
6, 400, 800
Swine is the ___ most important money generator in animal agriculture
Fourth
Swine are the ___ most numerous livestock
Third
Swine generate approximately $___ billion annually
14
The swine energy utilizes ___ to produce ___
Grain, Meat
Swine have the most efficient ___ to ___ conversion
Feed, Meat
Feeder pigs are ___-___ pounds, grower pigs are ___-___ pigs while finisher pigs are ___-___ pounds
40, 60, 60, 120, 120, 250
Swine are marketed by ___
Weight
___ to ___ is the most effective and abundant swine production type
Farrow, Finish
Feeder pig producers produce swine that are ___ pounds for finishing operations to ___
60, fatten
Finishing operations produce swine for ___ that are ___-___ pounds
Market, 240, 260
Integrated corporate producers are ___ ___ to ___ producers who own their own ___
Specialized Farrow, Finish, Seedstock
___ is the majority of production cost at around ___%
Feed, 65
The trend in the swine industry is towards ___and ___ farms
Fewer, Larger
Swine can be ___, ___, or ___ type
Lard, Bacon, Meat
___ type swine are very fat as opposed to muscular
Lard
___ type swine are ___ and ___
Bacon, Lean, Long
The newer type of swine, meat type, are ___ and ___
Muscular, Lean
___ breeds of swine tend to be ___ and emphasized on the dam side of crossbreds
Maternal, White
___, ___, and ___ ___ breeds have good maternal characteristics (swine)
Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White
___ breeds of swine tend to be ___ and emphasized on the sire side of crossbreds
Carcass, Dark
___ are a carcass breed
Hampshire
The ___ is a good all around breed
Duroc
___ breeds are developed by companies
Synthetic
___ ___ is the ideal market swine determined by the US Pork industry
Symbol III
Barrows should be ___ pounds in ___ days
270, 156
Gilts should be ___ pounds in ___ days
205, 163
___ ___ ___ is the most common swine crossbreeding program
Three Breed Rotation
Sows can be rebred ___-___ days after weaning
4, 7
The ___ effect is so strong in swine they cannot have a ___ ___ until ___
Suckling, Fertile Heat, Weaning
___ ___ is widely used in the swine industry
Artificial Insemination
Swine semen cannot be ___ which complicates ___ ___
Frozen, Artificial Insemination
Swine gestation is ___ days
115
Swine estrous is ___ and ___ days
Polyestrous, 21
Swine estrus is ___-___ days
2, 3
Swine are ___ ___ (digestion)
Nonruminant Monogastrics
The dairy industry is ___ in animal agriculture
Third
The dairy industry makes $___ billion annually
26
Nearly one ___ of beef comes from the ___ industry
Quarter, Dairy
Dairy cattle have the most efficient ___ to ___ conversion
Feed, Product
The dairy industry has shifted towards ___, ___ operations
Fewer, Larger
While milk production has increased, dairy population has ___
Decreased
A holstein can produce an average of ___ pounds annually
23,000
Most dairies are ___ herd with ___-___ head
Family, 50, 200
Highly ___ and ___ herds of ___-___ head are increasing
Specialized, Efficient, 200, 10,000
The ___ provides producers data for ___ and ___
DHIA, Management, Production
___% of the dairy industry is ___
95/4, Holstein/Jersey
Unlike other industries the ___ is not based on crossbreds due to ___ breed superiority
Dairy, Holstein
Jersey cows produce milk with higher ___ content
Fat
Maintaining a ___ month ___ ___ is important for production
12, Calving Interval
Holsteins can produce up to ___ gallons annually
3000
Lactation peaks at ___-___ weeks
4, 8
___ is how much lactation is maintained after peak
Persistency
Dairy cattle lactate for ___ days
305
Dairies are based on ___ or ___ and ___ feeding
TMR, Pasture, Concentrate
___ or ___ ___ ___ feeding is more nutritionally complete and controllable
TMR, Total Mixed Ration
Dairy cattle are in a ___ energy balance leading to ___ ___
Negative, Weight Loss
A ___ feeding system requires special equipment
TMR
___ is a large threat to production, reducing quality and quantity of milk
Mastitis
Bacteria is the main cause of ___
Mastitis
Cow gestation is ___ days
280