Studied by 2 people
Flashcards for APUSH time period 3 (1754-1800) (10-17% of AP Exam)
What caused the French and Indian War?
Expansion and overlapping land claims
British colonists began to venture from Virginia to settle beyond the Appalachian Mountains in the Ohio River Valley - land claimed by France
With whom did the Native Americans side with in the French and Indian War?
The Native Americans settled with the French, as they were more accommodating of the native peoples than the British were
Which British Prime Minister took control over the French and Indian War and caused the French forces to surrender in Montreal?
William Pitt
What was the treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris was the formal agreement in which the French surrendered virtually its entire North American empire. It gave all French territory in Canada and east of the Mississippi to the British, and it gave all French territory west of the Mississippi to the Spanish.
Describe the context of the French and Indian War
The French and Indian War can be described in the context of the control of the interior of North America. Spain, France, and GB all had substantial and overlapping land claims in North America; in the 1750’s, British and French claims in the Ohio River valley came into conflict with one another. (Pg 100)
What were the Navigation Acts and what resulted from them?
The Navigation Acts restricted colonist trade to only British merchants and ships. Because of salutary neglect, the colonists ignored the acts and engaged in large scale smuggling and illegal trading with other countries.
Why did the British Government begin excessively taxing the colonists immediately following the conclusion of the French and Indian War?
The British Government believed its victory in the French and Indian War had been especially beneficial to the colonists. In return, the British reasoned it was fair for the colonists to assume some of the costs of the war and of continued protection through increased taxation.
What were some of the specific taxes the British Government imposed on the colonist after the French and Indian War?
The Sugar Act (1764)
The Currency Act (1764)
The Stamp Act (1765)
The Quartering Act (1765)
What is the concept of salutary neglect?
The ruling government makes rules that are very difficult to enforce from across the ocean. This results in the territory (in this case the colonies) to believe they have more freedom from the parent country than they do in theory.
What was the Sugar Act (1764)?
This was the first post-war tax and sought to crack down on widespread smuggling. It taxed sugar, coffee, wine, and various other luxury items.
What was the Currency Act (1764)?
The Currency Act prohibited colonial assemblies from printing their own paper currency. This was a big deal because the colonists were being taxed a ton yet their supply of cash was now gone.
What was the Stamp Act (1765)?
This was the most intense tax, and it was unlike the other taxes (which sought to regulate trade). The Stamp Act was a direct tax on the colonists simply meant to make money. It imposed a tax on all sorts of paper goods in the colonies - news papers, playing cards, court documents, books, almanacs, and deeds.
What was the Quartering Act (1765)
The Quartering Act addressed the housing of British soldiers who were stationed in the colonies following the French and Indian War. The act stipulated that GB would house soldiers in barracks, but if the number of soldiers exceeded available facilities, local inns, pubs, and even private residences could be used by British authorities to house them.
Who was Neolin, and what did he believe? What did it result in?
Neolin was a Delaware leader who encouraged Native Americans to curb their contact with European fur traders. His efforts set the stage for unified, violent resistance.
What caused Pontiac’s Rebellion? (1763)
After the French and Indian War, the Ottawa Tribe, located in the northern Ohio region, found itself without allies as the British colonists set their sights on traditional Ottawa lands. After the war, the British encroached by occupying several French-built forts.
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion? (1763)
Pontiac, an Ottawa leader, organized resistance to British troops stationed around the Great Lakes. In the months after the Treaty of Paris (1763) was signed, Native warriors attacked British-held Fort Detroit. Several attacks followed on other forts, and they were initially successful. However, Thomas Gage largely broke Pontiac’s Rebellion.
What resulted from Pontiac’s Rebellion? (1763)
Pontiac’s Rebellion resulted in GB issuing the Proclamation of 1763, which drew a line through the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists were to not settle west of the line.
What was the disagreement between the colonists and GB on the Proclamation of 1763? (This is a major dispute between GB and the colonists)
They colonists felt they were entitled to the land since they made sacrifices in the French and Indian War, and they were now eager to settle the land.
GB on the other hand did not want to provoke additional warfare with the natives (since it would cost MORE money), and GB wanted to keep trade relations positive so they could continue benefitting from the fur trade.
Who were the Paxton Boys?
As tensions between Natives and settlers increased, a vigilante group of Scots-Irish immigrants, called the Paxton Boys, organized raids against Natives on the Pennsylvania frontier. (Scots-Irish mainly settled in Pennsylvania)
What was the Stamp Act Congress? (1765)
The Stamp Act Congress was when delegates from 9 colonies met in New York and drew up a list of grievances. One idea they came up with was that they should be allowed to elect their own representative in parliament (no taxation without representation)
What was “virtual representation” and how did GB use it to deny direct representation to the colonists?
GB sad that the members of parliament represented the entire British Empire (including colonies), so that automatically means that the colonists have virtual representation. This dispute in one of the major factors in the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
What were Committees of Correspondence? (1764)
These committees spread information and coordinated resistance actions. By the 1770’s the committees had become virtual shadow governments in different colonies, assuming powers and challenging the legitimacy of the legislative assemblies and royal governors.
Who were the Sons of Liberty, and what did they do?
The SOL harassed and occasionally attacked Stamp Act agents. In Boston, the home of the lieutenant governor, Thomas Hutchinson, was ransacked. They played a significant role in the rescinding of the Stamp Act (1766).
What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?
The Townshend Acts, passed in the wake of the Stamp Acts crisis, imposed additional taxes on imports such as paint, paper, lead, tea, and other goods. To boycott the tax, many women and artisans created their own clothing. Culturally, these simple homemade goods were seen as virtuous substitutes for extravagant British goods,
What was the Boston Massacre (1770)?
During a time of peace, GB sent soldiers to occupy Boston (1768). Since the soldiers were a symbol of GB’s impressing rule and were taking work away from colonists, the colonists didn’t like their presence. During an altercation between a British sentry and a man, a protest began, and a sentry eventually fired on the crowd. This event would be used as propaganda to illustrate the brutality of British troops.
What was the Gaspee Affair, and what resulted from it?
The Gaspee Affair was when a British patrol ship was boarded, looted, and burned by colonists. This represented a shift toward more militant tactics by colonial protesters.
What was the Tea Act? (1773) What resulted from it?
When the British East India Company was in a crisis (its stock had virtually collapsed), the British passed the Tea Act to bolster the company. The act actually greatly reduced the price of Tea in Boston, but it angered colonists because they thought GB was doing special favors for a large company. This resulted in the dumping of nearly $2 million in todays money worth of tea.
The intolerable acts resulted from the Boston Tea Party
What are some examples of the Intolerable Acts? (1774)
The Massachusetts Government Act
The Administration of Justice Act
The Boston Port Act
The Quartering Act (just made harsher)
The Quebec Act
What was the Massachusetts Government Act?
The Massachusetts Government Act brought the governance of Mass. under direct British control. The act limited the powers of town meetings and provided the royal governor with the power to directly appoint officials who had previously been elected.
What was the Administration of Justice Act?
The Administration of Justice Act allowed British authorities to move trials from Mass. to GB. British policy after the French and Indian War consistently sought to move trials away from local communities. This move struck colonists as an abridgment of a basic right of Englishmen - the right to a trial by a jury or one’s peers.
What was the Boston Port Act?
The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston until further notice. (Until the money lost from dumping the tea was payed back)
What was EXPANDED Quartering Act
The Quartering Act (intolerable acts) expanded the 1765 Quartering Act and required Boston residents to house British troops upon their command.
What was the Quebec Act?
While not directly related to the Boston Tea Party, the Quebec Act enlarged the boundaries of the Province and let Catholics in Quebec freely practice their religion. Protestant Bostonians assumed that this was an attack on their faith.
What started the First Continental Congress and what was it?
The First Continental Congress was a special meeting to call for an intercolonial assembly. This took place in Philadelphia in 1774, and representatives from all 13 colonies (except Georgia) attended. The Congress passed several resolutions including nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption agreements in an attempt to cut off all trade with Britain. The Congress also called for the creation of local Committees of Safety to enforce these agreements and recommended that the colonies begin to make military preparations in defense of a possible invasion by British troops. Finally, the Congress agreed to continue its functions and to meet agains the following spring. (second Continental Congress)
What was the role of women in the resistance movement?
Many women participated in the efforts to resists British policies. Women made clothing, both to honor boycotts of British goods and also to help supply troops once the American Revolution began. Women were also prominent in crowd actions against merchants who were thought to be holding back goods in order to profit from wartime shortages. After the war broke out, colonial women helped on the actual battlefield as nurses and water carriers.
Who were the Daughters of Liberty? (1765)
The Daughters of Liberty organized boycotts, spinning bees, and public protests. During the Tea Act Crisis in 1773, Daughter of Liberty organized the production and distribution of homemade substitutes for the Chinese and Indian teas sold by the British East India Company, created using local roots and leaves.
What was the Edenton Tea Party? (1774)
The Edenton Tea Party was when 51 North Carolinian women signed a declaration vowing to give up tea and other British products.
What was the role of artisans in the resistance movement?
Artisans encouraged boycotts of British goods, knowing that such boycotts would lead to a greater demand for American-made goods. However, they were driven as much by ideology as self-interest. When the American Revolution began, craftsmen and laborers made up the bulk of local militias and Continental Army units.
What was the Declaratory Act? (1766)
GB gave themselves authority to pass whatever laws they saw fit in the colonies
What was Reverend John Allen’s Oration Upon the Beauties of Liberty? (1772)
This oration began with the condemnation of the British threat to prosecute those involved in the Gaspee affair. He used the incident as a springboard for a broad and scathing attack on British governance of the colonies. It became an extremely popular address during the period before independence, and it was reprinted seven times in four cities.
What enlightenment ideas did Montesquieu have?
In “The Spirit of the Laws”, he argued that liberty could best be sustained by dividing the powers of government and maintaining a balance of power. (separation of powers)
What enlightenment ideas did John Locke have?
Locke argued that a ruler gains legitamacy through the context of the governed. The basic responsibility of government is to protect the natural rights of the people; Locke identified the most basic of these rights as life, liberty, and property. If a government should fail to protect these basic rights, it is the right of the citizens to overthrow the government. Locke’s theory of natural rights states that power to govern belongs to the people.
What was the Olive Branch Petition? (1775)
The Olive Branch Petition was a document sent to King George III seeking reconciliation. It pledged loyalty to the King and blamed current conflict on parliament. It proposed a structure in which the colonies would exercise greater autonomy within the British empire, and the British would enact more equitable trade and tax regulation. King George rejected the petition without reading it
What was Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
It was a best-selling pamphlet in which Paine advocated that the colonies declare independence from GB. He wrote that he could not see a single advantage in being connected with GB.
What happened on July 4, 1776
On July 4, 1776, the delegates to the Second Continental Congress formally ratified the Declaration of Independence. It includes Locke’s natural rights theory in the preamble and asserts that the government gets it legitimacy from the governed.
What was the Treaty of Paris (1783)?
It formally ended the American Revolution
What is the concept of Republican Motherhood?
Republican Motherhood was a concept that women had the civic responsibility to raise civic-minded republican sons and to reform their morals and manners of men. It asserted that women were active agents in maintaining public virtue - a realm traditionally associated with men. The ideas of “republican motherhood” still confined women to a largely domestic role, but these ideas did expand the possibilities for women to gain an education; after all, it was important for women to gain the literacy and knowledge needed to raise the next generation of republican leaders.
Explain the rise of egalitarianism following the revolution.
The experience of women participating in the struggle for independence, from organizing boycotts to aiding men on the battlefield, gave rise to a sense of egalitarianism among many women and men. This rethinking of traditional gender roles was evident is a private letter than Abigail Adams sent to her husband John Adams in March 1776.
What other revolutions did the American Revolution inspire?
French - Against absolutist power of monarch
Haitian - Whites resisted french rule, then the mixed race rebelled against their second class status, then the slave population revolted. (3-teirs)
This sent fear to southern plantation owners since the idea of a slave uprising became historically feasible.
Other Latin American Revolutions…
What was the issue with the Articles of Confederation (1776)?
The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government. They might have been appealing to those who feared arbitrary and distant authority, but during a the period of their operation, often called the “Critical Period”, the United States faced a series of domestic and international problems that led some to call for a stronger central government.
Describe the history of the Ratification of the Articles of Confederation post 1776?
In 1777, an edited version of the Articles was sent out to the states for ratification, but it took an additional four years because several states initially rejected the document due to western land claims.
Explain “Raising Revenue” and its relation to the issues of the Articles of Confederation
Because of the nature of the Articles, the national government was not allowed to tax people. Local representatives carried out taxes, and the central government relied on voluntary contributions from the states.
What is a specific historical event that displayed the issues of the Articles?
Shay’s Rebellion was an uprising of farmers who were losing their farms due to tough taxes. The insurrection largely reflected ongoing tensions between coastal elites and struggling farmers in the interior. The rebellion was eventually put down, but it added fuel to the impetus to reform the governing structure. Concerns about the ability of the authorities to put down future uprisings were one the minds of the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention.
What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a process by which areas could become states. Once the population of a territory reached 60,000, it could apply for statehood. Also, the Northwest Ordinance banned slavery in the territory north of the Ohio River. Congress’ handling of the Northwest Territory is seen as one of the few major successes of the government under the Articles of Confederation.
What was the Great Compromise?
This is the compromise that larger states and smaller states came to when discussing representation. Smaller states wanted each state to have one representative so that they would have as much power as the larger states. The larger states wanted representatives to be based on population. They settled and the Senate was in accordance with the New Jersey Plan, and the HOR was in accordance with the Virginia Plan.
Who were the Federalists?
The supporters of the constitution labeled themselves as Federalists. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison were all important Federalists. Madison believed that a more complex government would prevent one source from gaining too much power. (He said this in the Federalist papers).
Who were the Anti-Federalists?
Opponents of the new Constitution, Anti-Federalists, worried that the new government would be controlled by member of the elite. They saw the Constitution as favoring the creation of a powerful, aristocratic ruling class. Anti-Federalists’ primary concerns was the individual rights were not adequately protected by the Constitution. They noted that the document did not contain a bill of rights. Patrick Henry and George Mason are two notable anti-feds.
What is Judicial Review and when was it introduced?
In the court case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court assumed its most significant power - Judicial Review, the power to nullify laws that it deemed inconsistent with the Constitution.
What is Federalism?
Federalism refers to the evolving relationship between the national government and the states. The Constitution gave the national government considerably more power than had the Articles. Under the Constitution, states hold on to certain powers (reserved powers), but an expanded national government is given many new powers (delegated powers).
What was Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)?
Pinckney’s Treaty addressed land disputes between the States and the Spanish. In the treaty, Spain agreed to allow for American shipping on the Mississippi River. The treaty also defined the border between the United States and Spanish-held territory in western Florida.
What was Jay’s Treaty (1795)?
John Jay was the chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was sent to GB to address grievances related to British presence in NA (they were taking American ships, occupying forts, and aiding Natives). The treaty favored the British, but it included their withdrawal from the West and limited trading rights for the British.
What was the XYZ Affair (1797)?
The XYZ Affair was an event in which American representatives were sent to France to discuss the seizing of American ships. (France had waived the 1778 alliance with America after Jay’s treaty was so favorable toward GB, France’s enemy). The delegation was approached by 3 French agents who demanded $250,000 and a loan of $12 million at some point JUST to start discussion with the French foreign affairs minister, Charles Talleyrand. The three agents were referred to as X, Y, and Z.
What effect did the XYZ Affair (1797) have?
(The Quasi-war) After the XYZ Affair, President Adams was incensed, so congress allocated money for a military engagement against France. Warships were dispatched to the Caribbean and fought French ships in America’s first undeclared war, labeled by historians as Quasi-war (1798-1800). This military encounter helped instill respect for the US Navy, which had just been reestablished in 1797.
How were Natives treated by the Spanish in the mission system?
They were treated brutally. Women were raped, and people were subjected to beatings and slavery-like working conditions. Disease also ravaged the populations.
Explain the Federalist Party (the party itself, not the group)
The Federalists tended to be more pro-British, more critical of the French Revolution, more friendly to urban, commercial interests, and more ready to use the power of the federal government to influence economic activity. Alexander Hamilton was a notable Federalist party member.
Explain the Democratic-Republican Party (the party itself, not the group)
The Democratic-Republicans tended to be more critical of the British, more supportive of the French Revolution (at lease in its early, less violent stages), more critical of centralized authority, and more favorable to agricultural interests. Thomas Jefferson was a notable Democratic-Republican party member.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794)?
To raise revenue to pay for his ambitious plans, Hamilton proposed enacting new taxes, one of which was a sales tax on whiskey. Grain farmers grew angry since distilling grain into whiskey is how they made their money. They took action and gathered a large uprising that was ultimately put down. (This also showed how the new constitution worked compared to shay’s rebellion and the articles).
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)?
The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress in odrer to limit criticism from the Democratic-Republican Party. Essentially, it made it difficult for foreigners to gain citizenship, a crime to defame the president or congress, and allowed the president to imprison and deport all non-citizens.
What were the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions (1798-1799)?
They put forth the idea that a state had the right to nullify a law if it found it to be inconsistent with the Constitution.
What were three area that displayed an emerging American identity and give three proper nouns to go with them.
Education - Noah Webster created grammar books
History - Mason Weems and his book on Washington
Architecture - Charlies Bullfinch created the federal architecture style
What was the treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)?
A treaty between the US government and a Native confederacy in which land not “owned” by the confederacy was given to the US government. This agitated the Shawnee, Delaware, and Miami people, as it was their land.
Note
Flashcard