Chapter 1: Introduction

• Review of unit 4 of AP US history curriculum

• Main themes:

  • Expanding role of the United States in world affairs

  • Transformation of society and economy in early republic

  • Americans dealing with growing democratic impulses

• Time period: 1800 to 1848

• Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists on foreign relations and federal power

• Example of Barbary pirates issue and Jefferson's response

• Debate on scope of federal power: strict constructionist vs. loose constructionist

• Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson's dilemma as a strict constructionist

• Justification for the purchase and its implications

• Exploration of Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike

• Expansion of federal power through Supreme Court decisions

• Marbury vs. Madison case and establishment of judicial review

Main Ideas

• Unit 4 of AP US history covers the period from 1800 to 1848 with key themes of US role in world affairs, societal and economic transformations, and democratic impulses.

• Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists focused on foreign relations and federal power.

• Jefferson's response to Barbary pirates issue showcased his stance against paying bribes for trade.

• Federalists favored loose constructionist view of the constitution, while Democratic Republicans advocated for strict constructionism.

• Louisiana Purchase posed a dilemma for Jefferson as a strict constructionist, leading to the expansion of federal power.

• Exploration of the Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike contributed to geographic knowledge and diplomatic relations.

• Supreme Court decisions, notably Marbury vs. Madison, established judicial review and increased the Court's power.

Chapter 2: Free State Slave

Increase in Federal Power

• McCulloch v. Maryland case established federal law supremacy over state law.

• Regional interests sometimes took precedence over national concerns.

War of 1812

• Causes: France and Britain fighting, American merchant ships seized, British impressment, Indian problems.

• United States declared war on Britain in June 1812.

• Democratic Republicans supported the war, Federalists opposed it.

• Victory in the war led to intense nationalism and the decline of the Federalist party.

• Era of Good Feelings marked by national unity under the Democratic party.

Consequences of the War

• Glaring weaknesses exposed: lack of national bank, infrastructure, and transportation.

• Economic prescription proposed: federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, second Bank of the United States.

• President Madison vetoed internal improvements provision.

• Missouri's statehood application and the Tallmadge amendment prohibiting slavery caused tensions.

• Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) preserved the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.

• 36 30 line established as the boundary for slavery in future westward expansion.

Chapter 3: South American

• Monroe Administration and Foreign Policy

  • James Monroe's goals were to firm up boundaries and gain more territory.

  • John Quincy Adams negotiated treaties establishing US-Canadian border and US-British occupation of Oregon.

  • Adams Onus treaty of 1819 established the southern border by purchasing Florida from Spain.

  • Monroe Doctrine of 1823 proclaimed American dominance in the Western Hemisphere to be free of European influence.

• Market Revolution

  • Market revolution linked northern industries with western and southern farms.

  • Henry Clay proposed the American system to boost the economy.

  • Technological advancements like the cotton gin, spinning machine, and interchangeable parts revolutionized production.

  • Steamboats transformed trade by enabling navigation upriver and downriver.

  • Transportation advancements included canals like the Erie Canal and later railroads, promoting interconnectedness and interdependence in American industry.

• Society and Economy Changes

  • Industrial cities in the North grew in population and diversity.

  • Immigrants from Germany and Ireland provided cheap labor for northern industries.

  • Urban landscape formed with laboring poor living in crowded tenements.

  • Immigrants established cultural institutions like synagogues and Catholic churches.

  • Growing middle class engaged in leisure activities and had disposable income.

  • Women were expected to conform to the cult of domesticity, as portrayed in magazines and books.

Chapter 4: Adams And Jackson

Separate Spheres for the Sexes

• Middle and upper-class women focused on childbearing and homemaking.

• Lower-class women had to work for the family's survival.

Expansion of Democracy

• Initially, only property-owning white males could vote.

• Working men and small farmers demanded the right to vote due to the Panic of 1819.

• By 1825, most eastern states had lowered property qualifications for voting.

• Growth and realignment of political parties occurred.

• The split in the Democratic Republican party led to the rise of National Republicans and Democrats.

• Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams were key contenders in the 1824 election.

• Jackson won the popular vote, but Adams became president through the House of Representatives.

• In the 1828 election, Jackson won against Adams, solidifying party factions.

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

• Jackson's presidency marked by conflicts over federal power.

• Disagreements with Henry Clay's Whigs on the scope of federal power.

• Conflict over the Tariff of 1828, favored by the North but hated by the South.

• John C. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification in response to the tariff.

• South Carolina threatened to secede over the tariff, leading to the Force Bill.

• Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, favoring ordinary citizens over the elite.

• Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830 highlighted his use of federal power in acquiring Indian land.

Distinct American Culture

Cherokee Nation

• Cherokee nation declared itself sovereign in Georgia.

• Georgia saw Cherokee as guests on their land.

• Indian Removal Act led to forced removal of Cherokee.

• Treaty of New Echota exchanged Cherokee land for a reservation west of Mississippi.

• Forced removal known as Trail of Tears in 1838.

American Identity Development

• American distinct identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion.

• Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language standardized American English.

• Transcendentalism emphasized human perfectibility and beauty of nature.

• Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau prominent figures in transcendentalism.

• Influence on moralist movements like abolition, temperance, and women's suffrage.

Reform Movements

• Hudson River School of Artists painted romanticized landscapes.

• Utopian communities like the Oneida community focused on communal living and complex marriage.

• 2nd Great Awakening led to spiritual renewal with camp meetings and evangelical preachers.

• American Temperance Society founded in 1826 to promote abstinence from alcohol.

• Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith in the 1840s based on visions and Book of Mormon.

Chapter 6: Conclusion

• Mormon Presence in New York

  • Initially tolerated by New Yorkers

  • Joseph Smith introduced polygamy

  • Brigham Young led Mormons to establish a theocracy in Utah

• Abolitionist Movement

  • Started with free blacks and Quakers

  • William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator, boosted the movement

  • American Anti Slavery Society formed in 1833

  • Not all in the North supported abolition due to economic concerns

  • Women's involvement in abolitionism led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

• Southern Society

  • Plantations expanded post-1830

  • Plantation owners profited from cotton and sugar

  • Enslaved laborers maintained community through songs

  • Fear of slave uprisings led to harsher control measures

  • Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 increased fear of uprisings

  • Most white southerners were yeoman farmers, supporting slavery

  • Soil depletion in the South led to westward