APUSH Unit 4
Review of unit 4 of AP US history curriculum
Main themes:
Expanding role of the United States in world affairs
Transformation of society and economy in early republic
Americans dealing with growing democratic impulses
Time period: 1800 to 1848
Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists on foreign relations and federal power
Example of Barbary pirates issue and Jefferson's response
Debate on scope of federal power: strict constructionist vs. loose constructionist
Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson's dilemma as a strict constructionist
Justification for the purchase and its implications
Exploration of Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike
Expansion of federal power through Supreme Court decisions
Marbury vs. Madison case and establishment of judicial review
Unit 4 of AP US history covers the period from 1800 to 1848 with key themes of US role in world affairs, societal and economic transformations, and democratic impulses.
Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists focused on foreign relations and federal power.
Jefferson's response to Barbary pirates issue showcased his stance against paying bribes for trade.
Federalists favored loose constructionist view of the constitution, while Democratic Republicans advocated for strict constructionism.
Louisiana Purchase posed a dilemma for Jefferson as a strict constructionist, leading to the expansion of federal power.
Exploration of the Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike contributed to geographic knowledge and diplomatic relations.
Supreme Court decisions, notably Marbury vs. Madison, established judicial review and increased the Court's power.
McCulloch v. Maryland case established federal law supremacy over state law.
Regional interests sometimes took precedence over national concerns.
Causes: France and Britain fighting, American merchant ships seized, British impressment, Indian problems.
United States declared war on Britain in June 1812.
Democratic Republicans supported the war, Federalists opposed it.
Victory in the war led to intense nationalism and the decline of the Federalist party.
Era of Good Feelings marked by national unity under the Democratic party.
Glaring weaknesses exposed: lack of national bank, infrastructure, and transportation.
Economic prescription proposed: federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, second Bank of the United States.
President Madison vetoed internal improvements provision.
Missouri's statehood application and the Tallmadge amendment prohibiting slavery caused tensions.
Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) preserved the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.
36 30 line established as the boundary for slavery in future westward expansion.
Monroe Administration and Foreign Policy
James Monroe's goals were to firm up boundaries and gain more territory.
John Quincy Adams negotiated treaties establishing US-Canadian border and US-British occupation of Oregon.
Adams Onus treaty of 1819 established the southern border by purchasing Florida from Spain.
Monroe Doctrine of 1823 proclaimed American dominance in the Western Hemisphere to be free of European influence.
Market Revolution
Market revolution linked northern industries with western and southern farms.
Henry Clay proposed the American system to boost the economy.
Technological advancements like the cotton gin, spinning machine, and interchangeable parts revolutionized production.
Steamboats transformed trade by enabling navigation upriver and downriver.
Transportation advancements included canals like the Erie Canal and later railroads, promoting interconnectedness and interdependence in American industry.
Society and Economy Changes
Industrial cities in the North grew in population and diversity.
Immigrants from Germany and Ireland provided cheap labor for northern industries.
Urban landscape formed with laboring poor living in crowded tenements.
Immigrants established cultural institutions like synagogues and Catholic churches.
Growing middle class engaged in leisure activities and had disposable income.
Women were expected to conform to the cult of domesticity, as portrayed in magazines and books.
Middle and upper-class women focused on childbearing and homemaking.
Lower-class women had to work for the family's survival.
Initially, only property-owning white males could vote.
Working men and small farmers demanded the right to vote due to the Panic of 1819.
By 1825, most eastern states had lowered property qualifications for voting.
Growth and realignment of political parties occurred.
The split in the Democratic Republican party led to the rise of National Republicans and Democrats.
Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams were key contenders in the 1824 election.
Jackson won the popular vote, but Adams became president through the House of Representatives.
In the 1828 election, Jackson won against Adams, solidifying party factions.
Jackson's presidency marked by conflicts over federal power.
Disagreements with Henry Clay's Whigs on the scope of federal power.
Conflict over the Tariff of 1828, favored by the North but hated by the South.
John C. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification in response to the tariff.
South Carolina threatened to secede over the tariff, leading to the Force Bill.
Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, favoring ordinary citizens over the elite.
Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830 highlighted his use of federal power in acquiring Indian land.
Cherokee nation declared itself sovereign in Georgia.
Georgia saw Cherokee as guests on their land.
Indian Removal Act led to forced removal of Cherokee.
Treaty of New Echota exchanged Cherokee land for a reservation west of Mississippi.
Forced removal known as Trail of Tears in 1838.
American distinct identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion.
Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language standardized American English.
Transcendentalism emphasized human perfectibility and beauty of nature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau prominent figures in transcendentalism.
Influence on moralist movements like abolition, temperance, and women's suffrage.
Hudson River School of Artists painted romanticized landscapes.
Utopian communities like the Oneida community focused on communal living and complex marriage.
2nd Great Awakening led to spiritual renewal with camp meetings and evangelical preachers.
American Temperance Society founded in 1826 to promote abstinence from alcohol.
Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith in the 1840s based on visions and Book of Mormon.
Mormon Presence in New York
Initially tolerated by New Yorkers
Joseph Smith introduced polygamy
Brigham Young led Mormons to establish a theocracy in Utah
Abolitionist Movement
Started with free blacks and Quakers
William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator, boosted the movement
American Anti Slavery Society formed in 1833
Not all in the North supported abolition due to economic concerns
Women's involvement in abolitionism led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
Southern Society
Plantations expanded post-1830
Plantation owners profited from cotton and sugar
Enslaved laborers maintained community through songs
Fear of slave uprisings led to harsher control measures
Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 increased fear of uprisings
Most white southerners were yeoman farmers, supporting slavery
Soil depletion in the South led to westward
Review of unit 4 of AP US history curriculum
Main themes:
Expanding role of the United States in world affairs
Transformation of society and economy in early republic
Americans dealing with growing democratic impulses
Time period: 1800 to 1848
Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists on foreign relations and federal power
Example of Barbary pirates issue and Jefferson's response
Debate on scope of federal power: strict constructionist vs. loose constructionist
Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson's dilemma as a strict constructionist
Justification for the purchase and its implications
Exploration of Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike
Expansion of federal power through Supreme Court decisions
Marbury vs. Madison case and establishment of judicial review
Unit 4 of AP US history covers the period from 1800 to 1848 with key themes of US role in world affairs, societal and economic transformations, and democratic impulses.
Debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists focused on foreign relations and federal power.
Jefferson's response to Barbary pirates issue showcased his stance against paying bribes for trade.
Federalists favored loose constructionist view of the constitution, while Democratic Republicans advocated for strict constructionism.
Louisiana Purchase posed a dilemma for Jefferson as a strict constructionist, leading to the expansion of federal power.
Exploration of the Louisiana territory by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike contributed to geographic knowledge and diplomatic relations.
Supreme Court decisions, notably Marbury vs. Madison, established judicial review and increased the Court's power.
McCulloch v. Maryland case established federal law supremacy over state law.
Regional interests sometimes took precedence over national concerns.
Causes: France and Britain fighting, American merchant ships seized, British impressment, Indian problems.
United States declared war on Britain in June 1812.
Democratic Republicans supported the war, Federalists opposed it.
Victory in the war led to intense nationalism and the decline of the Federalist party.
Era of Good Feelings marked by national unity under the Democratic party.
Glaring weaknesses exposed: lack of national bank, infrastructure, and transportation.
Economic prescription proposed: federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, second Bank of the United States.
President Madison vetoed internal improvements provision.
Missouri's statehood application and the Tallmadge amendment prohibiting slavery caused tensions.
Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) preserved the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.
36 30 line established as the boundary for slavery in future westward expansion.
Monroe Administration and Foreign Policy
James Monroe's goals were to firm up boundaries and gain more territory.
John Quincy Adams negotiated treaties establishing US-Canadian border and US-British occupation of Oregon.
Adams Onus treaty of 1819 established the southern border by purchasing Florida from Spain.
Monroe Doctrine of 1823 proclaimed American dominance in the Western Hemisphere to be free of European influence.
Market Revolution
Market revolution linked northern industries with western and southern farms.
Henry Clay proposed the American system to boost the economy.
Technological advancements like the cotton gin, spinning machine, and interchangeable parts revolutionized production.
Steamboats transformed trade by enabling navigation upriver and downriver.
Transportation advancements included canals like the Erie Canal and later railroads, promoting interconnectedness and interdependence in American industry.
Society and Economy Changes
Industrial cities in the North grew in population and diversity.
Immigrants from Germany and Ireland provided cheap labor for northern industries.
Urban landscape formed with laboring poor living in crowded tenements.
Immigrants established cultural institutions like synagogues and Catholic churches.
Growing middle class engaged in leisure activities and had disposable income.
Women were expected to conform to the cult of domesticity, as portrayed in magazines and books.
Middle and upper-class women focused on childbearing and homemaking.
Lower-class women had to work for the family's survival.
Initially, only property-owning white males could vote.
Working men and small farmers demanded the right to vote due to the Panic of 1819.
By 1825, most eastern states had lowered property qualifications for voting.
Growth and realignment of political parties occurred.
The split in the Democratic Republican party led to the rise of National Republicans and Democrats.
Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams were key contenders in the 1824 election.
Jackson won the popular vote, but Adams became president through the House of Representatives.
In the 1828 election, Jackson won against Adams, solidifying party factions.
Jackson's presidency marked by conflicts over federal power.
Disagreements with Henry Clay's Whigs on the scope of federal power.
Conflict over the Tariff of 1828, favored by the North but hated by the South.
John C. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification in response to the tariff.
South Carolina threatened to secede over the tariff, leading to the Force Bill.
Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, favoring ordinary citizens over the elite.
Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830 highlighted his use of federal power in acquiring Indian land.
Cherokee nation declared itself sovereign in Georgia.
Georgia saw Cherokee as guests on their land.
Indian Removal Act led to forced removal of Cherokee.
Treaty of New Echota exchanged Cherokee land for a reservation west of Mississippi.
Forced removal known as Trail of Tears in 1838.
American distinct identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion.
Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language standardized American English.
Transcendentalism emphasized human perfectibility and beauty of nature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau prominent figures in transcendentalism.
Influence on moralist movements like abolition, temperance, and women's suffrage.
Hudson River School of Artists painted romanticized landscapes.
Utopian communities like the Oneida community focused on communal living and complex marriage.
2nd Great Awakening led to spiritual renewal with camp meetings and evangelical preachers.
American Temperance Society founded in 1826 to promote abstinence from alcohol.
Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith in the 1840s based on visions and Book of Mormon.
Mormon Presence in New York
Initially tolerated by New Yorkers
Joseph Smith introduced polygamy
Brigham Young led Mormons to establish a theocracy in Utah
Abolitionist Movement
Started with free blacks and Quakers
William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator, boosted the movement
American Anti Slavery Society formed in 1833
Not all in the North supported abolition due to economic concerns
Women's involvement in abolitionism led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
Southern Society
Plantations expanded post-1830
Plantation owners profited from cotton and sugar
Enslaved laborers maintained community through songs
Fear of slave uprisings led to harsher control measures
Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 increased fear of uprisings
Most white southerners were yeoman farmers, supporting slavery
Soil depletion in the South led to westward
