Ch.11 muscles of the body HHP 3115

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54 Terms

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lever

rigid bar that moves, bones

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fulcrum

fixed joint, joints

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effort

applied force, muscle contraction

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load

resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) moved by the effort

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lever systems

- move a heavier load

- move a load farther

- mechanical advantage: moves a large load over small distances

- mechanical disadvantage: allows a load to be moved over a large distance

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first class lever

effort applied at one end, load is at the oppostie end, fulcrum is located between load and effort

ex: seesaws, scissors, and lifting your head off your chest

- some work at mechanical advantage, some at disadvantage

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second class lever

effort applied at one end, fulcrum is at the oppostie end, load is between the effort and fulcrum

ex: wheelbarrow or standing on tiptoe

- uncommon type of lever in the body

- work at a mechanical advantage

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third class lever

- effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum

- works speedily

- always at a mechanical disadvantage

- most skeletal muscles are these type of levers

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fascicles

- firbils and myofibrils

- arranged in different patterns

- determines action of a muscle

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parallel fascicle arrangement

run parallel to the long axis of the muscle

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convergent fascicle arrangement

- origin of the muscle is broad

- fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion

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pennate fascicle arrangement

unipennate: fascicles insert into one side of the tendon

bipennate: fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides

multipennate: fascicles insert into one large tendon from all sides

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circular fascicle arrangement

- arranged in concentric rings

- surround external body openings

- sphincter: general name for a circular muscles, act as valves

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interactions of skeletal muscles in the body

- a muscle cannot reverse the movement it produces, it can only shorten

- another muscle must undo the action

- muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a joint

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prime mover (agonist)

has major responsibility for certain movement

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antagonist

opposes or reverses a movement

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synergist

helps prime mover, adding extra force, reducing undesirable movements

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fixator

type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place

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naming the skeletal muscles

location, shape, relative size, direction of fascicles and muscle fibers, location of attachments (origin/insertion), number of origins, action

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muscles of facial expression

- lie in the face and scalp

- thin and variable in shape

- oftern insert in the skin (insertion is not on bones)

- innervated by cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve)

- unique because they attach to bone and then attach to skin

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smiling muscle

zygomaticus minor and major

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muscles of mastication

- innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

- prime movers of jaw closure: masseter and temporalis

- side-to-side movement: pterygoid muscles

- compression of cheeks: buccinator muscles

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extrinsic msucles of the tongue

- move tongue laterally, anteriorly, posteriorly

- all innervated by cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal nerve

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muscles of the anterior neck and throat- swallowing

- divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid

- anterior triangle: divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, participate in swallowing

- pharyngeal constrictors: squeeze food into the esophagus

- act of swallowing starts as voluntary, then becomes involuntary, skeletal muscle > smooth muscle

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head movement

sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis

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trunk extension

deep muscles of the back

- maintain normal curvatrures of the spine

- form a column from sacrum to the skull

- erector spinae group: largest of the deep back muscles, keep spine extended

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deep muscles of the thorax- breathing

- deep muscles provide movements for breathing

- external intercostal muscles: lift the rib cage

- internal intercostal muscles: aid expiration during heavy breathing

- diaphragm: most important muscle of respiration, flattens as it contracts, increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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muscles of the abdominal wall

- lateral and anterior abdominal wall, formed from three flat muscle sheets

- external oblique: inferomedially or superior laterally nagle

- internal oblique: inferior lateral or superior medially angle

- transversus abdominis

fourth muscle pair

- rectus abdominis, straight muscle fibers, inserts at the linea alba

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superficial muscles of the anterior thorax

movements of the scapula

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

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superficial muscles of the posterior thorax

movements of the scapula; trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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movements of the arm

deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and rotator cuff:

- supraspinatus

- infraspinatus

- teres minor

- subscapularis

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muscles crossing the elbow joint

anterior muscles: flexors of the forearm

- biceps brachii- also supinates the forearm

- brachialis

- brachioradialis

posterior muscles: extensors of the forearm

- triceps brachii

- anconeous

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muscles of the forearm

- movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers

- tendons anchored by flexor and extensor retinacula

- most originate on the distal humerus

- movements at the wrist include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

- wrist and fingers are "operated" by muscles in the forearm: gives us ability to be strong in flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

- flexors: anterior flexor compartment, innervated by median nerve and ulnar nerve, originate from a common tendon, medial epicondyle of the humerus

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superficial anterior muscles of the forearm

  • pronator teres,

  • flexor carpi radialis,

  • palmaris longus,

  • flexor carpi ulnaris,

  • flexor digitorum superficialis

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deep anterior muscles of the forearm

flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus

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extensors of the forearm

- posterior compartment of the forearm

- innervated by the radial nerve

- originate at a common tendon, lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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superficial posterior muscles of the forearm

• Brachioradialis, flexes forearm

• Extensor carpi radialis longus

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

• Extensor digitorum

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

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deep posterior muscles of the forearm

supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and longus, extensor indicis (extend index finger)

- muscles can extend individual fingers but can't extend 4th digit because it doesn't have its own muscle

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intrinsic muscles of the hand

- fine movement of the fingers (not much force)

- all located in the palm

- control precise movements

- include muscles of adduction, abduction, and opposition

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thenar muscles- ball of thumb

abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, adductor pollicis

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hypothenar muscles

  • abductor digiti minimi,

  • flexor digiti minimi,

  • opponens pollicis

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midpalmar muscles

lumbricals, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei

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muscles crossing the hip and knee joints: thigh and leg movements

anterior muscles: flex the thigh and extend the leg at the knee

posterior muscles: extend the thigh and flex the leg

adductor muscles (on medial aspect of thigh): adduct the thigh only

deep fascia of the thigh: surrounds and encloses all three groups

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muscles crossing the hip and knee joints: movements at the hip joint

muscles that flex the thigh: originate on vertebral column or pelvis

muscles that extend the thigh: arise posterior to the hip joint

- adductors originate medial to the hip joint

- abductors originate lateral to the hip joint

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anterior and medial muscles of thigh

-Origin on pelvis or vertebral column: Iliacus (primary hip flexors), psoas major, sartorius (helps cross leg)

-Muscles of the medial compartment: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis

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muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

quadriceps femoris: 4 seperate heads, common insertion at the quadriceps tendon

- powerful knee extensors: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

tensor fasciae latae

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posterior muscles of hip

- Origin on pelvis or sacrum

* Gluteus maximus

* Gluteus medius

* Gluteus minimus

- Lateral rotators

* Piriformis

* Obturator externus

* Obturator internus

* Superior and inferior gemellus

* Quadratus femoris

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muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

hamstrings: biceps femoris (2 proximal attachments), semitendinosus, semimembranosus

- cross hip and knee joint, extension and flexion

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muscles of the leg

fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles: tightly binds muscles, prevents swelling during exercise, aids venous return, divides leg into three compartments (anterior, posterior, and medial)

tendons held in place by: extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula

- muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal joints

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muscles of the anterior compartment

- tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion

- extensor digitorum longus: extend toes

- fibularis terminus: comes off digitorum longus, goes down to lateral side of foot helps invert foot

- extensor hallucis longus: extends big toe

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muscles of the lateral compartment

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

- eversion, plantar flexion

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muscles of the posterior compartment of leg

Superficial Muscles

-Triceps surae

*Gastrocnemius

*Soleus

-Plantaris

deep muscles: popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

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intrinsic muscles of the foot

toe movement and foot support

- help to flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes

- support the arches of the foot

- single muscle on the dorsal aspect of the foot

- many muscles on the plantar aspect

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muscles of the foot

muscle on the dorsal of the foot: extensor digitorum brevis

muscles on the sole of the foot

- first layer: flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi

- second layer: flexor accessorius, lumbricals

- third layer: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

- fourth layer: plantar and dorsal interossei