Lecture 5: Gas Exchange

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/45

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

46 Terms

1
New cards

need of oxygen

to generate ATP, which is needed for cellular function and metabolism. as a result of cellular activity, high levels of CO2 is generated, which must be expelled.

2
New cards

cellular respiration

oxidative processes within cells

3
New cards

external respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment

4
New cards

factors for effective gas-exchange surfaces

  • moist

  • thin

  • relatively large surface area

5
New cards

vascularization

formation/presence of blood vessels; helps enhance the effectiveness of diffusion

6
New cards

Types of Respiratory Organs

  1. cutaneous respiration

  2. tracheal systems

  3. gills or brachia

  4. lungs

7
New cards

cutaneous respiration

respiratory organ that refers to direct diffusion of respiratory gasses to skin

  • paramecium, marine sponge, jellyfish, flat worms, amphibians

8
New cards

tracheal systems

respiratory organ referring to a branching system of tubes, with openings called spiracles (usually no well-defined circulatory system)

  • in insects

<p>respiratory organ referring to a branching system of tubes, with openings called spiracles (usually no well-defined circulatory system)</p><ul><li><p>in insects</p></li></ul>
9
New cards

gills or brachia

respiratory organ that retain its shape in the presence of water, and possess papulae (extension of the fluid-filled coelom)

  • in fish, starfish, axolotl, ragworms, etc.

<p>respiratory organ that retain its shape in the presence of water, and possess papulae (extension of the fluid-filled coelom)</p><ul><li><p>in <strong>fish</strong>, starfish, axolotl, ragworms, etc.</p></li></ul>
10
New cards

way in which a fish ventilates its gills

gills are given its shape from counterflow of water

  1. when mouth open, water enters and a structure called the operculum is closed & water collects in gills

  2. when mouth is closed, the operculum opens, pushing water across gills to exit

<p>gills are given its shape from counterflow of water</p><p></p><ol><li><p>when mouth open, water enters and a structure called the operculum is closed &amp; water collects in gills</p></li><li><p>when mouth is closed, the operculum opens, pushing water across gills to exit </p></li></ol>
11
New cards

gill filaments

part of gill that help filter oxygen out of the water

12
New cards

blood vessels in gills mechanism

countercurrent flow/exchange:

  1. as oxygen-rich water enters the filaments, oxygen is filtered in and distributed to blood vessels in the gill for these to be oxygenated (arteries)

  2. as water exits the gill filaments in the form of de-oxygenated water, this is where unoxygenated blood residues (veins)

<p>countercurrent flow/exchange:</p><ol><li><p>as oxygen-rich water enters the filaments, oxygen is filtered in and distributed to blood vessels in the gill for these to be oxygenated (arteries) </p></li><li><p>as water exits the gill filaments in the form of de-oxygenated water, this is where unoxygenated blood residues (veins)</p></li></ol>
13
New cards

lungs

respiratory organ that are invaginations, and are more suited for terrestrial animals

air gives lungs its structure

14
New cards

lung mechanism in frogs

positive-pressure breathing

  • pressure in the buccal cavity increases (more air) = inflation

<p>positive-pressure breathing</p><ul><li><p>pressure in the buccal cavity increases (more air) = inflation</p></li></ul>
15
New cards

lung mechanism of birds

possess air sacs attached to the lung proper, since birds are suited for flight

  1. inspiration 1: oxygen-rich air goes to posterior air sac

  2. the pressure pushes air to the more thoracic component, once it reaches the cervical component, it becomes deoxygenated

  3. second inspiration: repeat steps 1-2

  4. the second batch of air that enters the anterior air sac pushes the previous air outwards (cycle repeats)

<p>possess air sacs attached to the lung proper, since birds are suited for flight</p><ol><li><p>inspiration 1: oxygen-rich air goes to posterior air sac</p></li><li><p>the pressure pushes air to the more thoracic component, once it reaches the cervical component, it becomes deoxygenated</p></li><li><p>second inspiration: repeat steps 1-2</p></li><li><p>the second batch of air that enters the anterior air sac pushes the previous air outwards (cycle repeats)</p></li></ol>
16
New cards

component of lungs in mammals

passage of air: trachea → bronchus → bronchioles → alveoli

  • associated with arteries and veins (capillary network in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs)

<p>passage of air: trachea → bronchus → bronchioles → alveoli</p><ul><li><p>associated with arteries and veins (capillary network in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs)</p></li></ul>
17
New cards

lung mechanism of mammals

negative pressure breathing

  • upon inhale, diaphragm contracts (moves downward) = ribcage expands, but “stomach” area is sucked in

  • upon exhale, diaphragm relaxes (moves up)- rib cage smaller

<p>negative pressure breathing</p><ul><li><p>upon inhale, diaphragm contracts (moves downward) = ribcage expands, but “stomach” area is sucked in</p></li><li><p>upon exhale, diaphragm relaxes (moves up)- rib cage smaller</p></li></ul>
18
New cards

altitude and oxygen content

higher altitude - less saturation of oxygen

  • alveoli open up more for more efficient exchange

19
New cards

forms of lung capacity/volume

  1. tidal volume

  2. vital capacity

<ol><li><p>tidal volume</p></li><li><p>vital capacity</p></li></ol>
20
New cards

tidal capacity

refers to the volume of air that an animal inhales and exhales with each breath (normal breathing in and out)

~500 ml in resting humans

21
New cards

vital capacity

refers to the maximum tidal volume during forced breathing (total amount of air you can inhale)

~3.4L female, 4.8L male

22
New cards

residual volume

needed amount of air for lungs to retain shape; left-over air when you force exhale

23
New cards

inspirational reserved volume capacity (IRV)

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled

24
New cards

expiratory reserve volume capacity (ERV)

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled

  • when you exhale, you don’t exhale all of air content of lungs (since without air, lungs will collapse)

25
New cards

respiratory pigments

proteins where oxygen is bound to for transport

26
New cards

types of respiratory pigments

  1. hemacyanin

  2. hemoglobin

<ol><li><p>hemacyanin</p></li><li><p>hemoglobin</p></li></ol>
27
New cards

appearance of hemoglobin

reddish because of iron presence (where oxygen binds to)

28
New cards

excess CO2 in body

drop in pH = increased depth & rate of breathing = excess CO2 is eliminated in exhaled air

<p>drop in pH = increased depth &amp; rate of breathing = excess CO2 is eliminated in exhaled air</p>
29
New cards

determinant of pH level in blood

gas concentration

  • more oxygen = basic (blood alkalosis)

  • more carbon dioxide = acid (blood acidosis)

<p>gas concentration</p><ul><li><p>more oxygen = basic (blood alkalosis)</p></li><li><p>more carbon dioxide = acid (blood acidosis)</p></li></ul>
30
New cards

pons and medulla

region in the brain that detects shifts in blood pH, which relays impulses to the brain and instructs the diaphragm and ribs accordingly

31
New cards

pulmonary capillaries

  • where oxygen diffuses into

  • where carbon dioxide diffuses out of

32
New cards

oxyhemoglobin

oxygen + hemoglobin (in RBCs)

33
New cards

carbaminohemoglobin

carbon dioxide + hemoglobin (in RBCs)

34
New cards

bicarbonate ion

most CO2 is transported in this form (not yet combined with hemoglobin)

35
New cards

oxygen dissociation curve

a graph that tells us how fast any typical tissue can be saturated with oxygen, and reflective of how long a particular tissue can hold onto oxygen

36
New cards

factors of oxygen dissociation curve:

  • metabolic activity

  • temperature

  • altitude

  • thoughts

increase of the following: acidosis

decrease of the following: alkalosis

37
New cards

components of the oxygen dissociation curve

x axis → oxygen pressure

y axis → oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

more oxygen saturation = more oxygen pressure

<p>x axis → oxygen pressure</p><p>y axis → oxygen saturation of hemoglobin </p><p></p><blockquote><p>more oxygen saturation = more oxygen pressure</p></blockquote>
38
New cards

high oxygen pressure & high saturation point

results in slow oxidation of oxygen (since full already)

  • usually takes place in the Lungs

<p>results in slow oxidation of oxygen (since full already)</p><ul><li><p>usually takes place in the Lungs</p></li></ul>
39
New cards

low oxygen pressure and low saturation point

takes place when tissues are active (e.g. calf muscles)

  • because always active, saturation point will be a lot faster & oxygen in red blood vessel is detached a lot quickly because of how utilized this is (muscles needing O2)

<p>takes place when tissues are active (e.g. calf muscles)</p><ul><li><p>because always active, saturation point will be a lot faster &amp; oxygen in red blood vessel is detached a lot quickly because of how utilized this is (muscles needing O2)</p></li></ul>
40
New cards

average pressure and saturation of oxygen

takes place when tissues are at rest

  • red blood cells can hold on to oxygen longer

<p>takes place when tissues are at rest</p><ul><li><p>red blood cells can hold on to oxygen longer</p></li></ul>
41
New cards

implication if dissociation curve flattens earlier (but same slope)

assume that saturation is faster, and more metabolic activity

<p>assume that saturation is faster, and more metabolic activity</p>
42
New cards

implication if dissociation curve has a steeper slope (but same area where it flattens; longer area how its flattened)

assumes that body holds onto more oxygen

<p>assumes that body holds onto more oxygen</p>
43
New cards

Bohr shift

refers to a drop in pH that lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (shift to the right)

  • RBC gives more oxygen to sustain metabolic activity going on

  • results in higher CO2 concentration

<p>refers to a drop in pH that lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (shift to the right)</p><ul><li><p>RBC gives more oxygen to sustain metabolic activity going on</p></li><li><p>results in higher CO2 concentration</p></li></ul>
44
New cards

haldane effect

refers to increase in pH, when blood holds onto O2 more (shift to left)

  • implies you do not have good metabolism

45
New cards

relation of activity to O2/CO2 levels

  • increase activity = increase metabolism = increase respiration = faster oxygen tends to dissociate = faster saturation of oxygen = decrease oxygen = increase carbon dioxide

    • acidosis (shift of diss. curve to right)

  • decrease activity = decrease metabolism = decrease respiration = increase oxygen = decrease carbon dioxide

    • alkalosis (shift of diss. curve to left)

46
New cards

temperature and oxygen content

higher temperature favors faster dissociation of oxygen, thus more acidified blood