Skeletal Pathology (Cram)

Arthrocentesis

Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis

Arthrography

Injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination

Arthroscopy

Visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope

Densitometer

Device that measures bone density using light and X–rays

Goniometer

Instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint

Goni/o

Combining form for angle or seed

Radiology

Study of internal body structure after exposure to ionizing radiation, used to detect fractures and diseases of bones

Ankylosis

Loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery

Ankyl/o

Combining form for bent or stiff

Arthralgia

Joint pain

Arthritis

Inflammatory condition of the joints

Arthrodynia

Joint pain

Arthropathy

Joint disease

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa

Chondromalacia

Abnormal cartilage softening

Chondropathy

Cartilage disease

Discospondylitis

Inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebral

Epiphysitis

Inflammation of the growth plate

Exostosis

Benign growth on the bone surface

Gouty arthritis

Joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint

Hip dysplasia

Abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly

Intervertebral disc disease

Rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots

Kyphosis

Dorsal curvature of the spine (hunchback)

Legg–Calve–Perthes disease

Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small bread dogs

Iordosis

Position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved is abnormally curved ventrally (seen in cats in heat)

Luxation

Dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint

Myeloma

Tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow

Ostealgia

Bone pain

Osteitis

Inflammation of bone

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification

Osteochondrosis dissecans

Degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap of articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes

Osteophytes

Detached pieces of articular cartilage

Osetomalacia

Abnormal softening of the bone

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Osteonecrosis

Death of bone tissue

Osteoporosis

Abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity

Osteosclerosis

Abnormal hardening of the bone

Periostitis

Inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints

Sequestrum

Piece of dead bone that is partially of fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone

Spondylitis

Inflammation of the vertebrae

Spondylosis

Any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae

Spondylosis deformans

Chronic degeneration of the articular process and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae

Spur

Bony projection growing out of a bone

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of displacement of a bone from its joint

Synovitis

Inflammation of synovial membrane of joints

Avulsion fracture

Broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull

Callus

Bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone

Closed/simple fracture

Broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin

Comminuted facture

Broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces

Compression fracture

Broken bone produced when the bones are pressed together

Crepitation

Cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together

Displaced fracture

Bone fracture parts are out of line

Fracture

Broken bone

Greenstick/incomplete fracture

Bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent

Immobilization

Act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually a bandage or cast

Manipulation/reduction

Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation

Oblique fracture

Broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis

Open/compound fracture

Broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin

Pathologic fracture

Broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease

Physeal fracture

Bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate

Spiral fracture

Broken bone in which the bone is twisted apart or spiraled apart

Stress fracture

Broken bone caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone

Transverse fracture

Broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone

Amputation

Removal of some of all of a body part

Arthrodesis

Fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means

Chemonucleolysis

Process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance

Craniotomy

Surgical incision or opening in the skull

External fixation

Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixators

Internal fixation

Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or plates

Laminectomy

Surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra

Onychectomy

Surgical removal of a claw

Ostectomy

Surgical removal of a bone

Osteocentisis

Surgical puncture of a bone

Osteodesis

Fusion of a bone

Osteopexy

Surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall

Osteoplasty

Surgical repair of a bone

Osteostomy

Surgical incision or sectioning of bone

Trephination

Process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine (circular saw–like instrument used to remove bone or tissue)

Adjustment/manipulation

Application of a controlled, rapid thrust of precise direction and depth delivered to a specific contact point

Extension (vertebral column)

Ventral arching or straightening of the spine

Flexion(vertebral column)

Dorsal arching of the spine

Lateral flexion(vertebral column)

Bowing or bending to each side (right or left)

Rotation(vertebral column)

Twisting to the right or left

Fixation

When a joint becomes immobilized in a fixed position that may occur at rest or during a normal movement

Malarticulations

The connections between bones do not line up correctly

Misalignment

A motion segment in which alignment, movement integrity, and/or physiological function are altered, although contact between joint surfaced remains intact

Motion segment

Basic functional unit of the spine; consists of two adjacent articulating surfaces and the connecting tissues binding them to each other. Includes two vertebrae, the intervertebral disc, nerves, arteries, and soft tissue structures.

Range of motion/ROM

Amount of movement that occurs at a particular joint or region of the body

Spinal manipulation

Manipulation of the spine to restore its normal motion and alignment. Spinal manipulation relieves any restrictions on the nerves or spinal cord that could impair their function and function of the organs they innervate; typically used to treat animals with sore necks or backs