Research done on many subjects of different ages at the same time
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Longitudinal Research
Research done on one group of subjects over many years
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Cross-Sectional Research Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
* Inexpensive * Quick * Avoids high attrition rate (people dropping out of the experiment)
\ Disadvantages:
* Subjects of same chronological age might NOT be same maturational age
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Longitudinal Research Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
* Generates DETAILED information about subjects
\ Disadvantages:
* Expensive * Potential for high attrition rate (people dropping out)
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Teratogens
Agents (chemicals & viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
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Favorable Outcome
Good nutrition + medical care = :)
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Preferences
Human voices and faces that a newborn will prefer
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Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation
Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing framework
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Accommodation
Adapting one’s current framework to incorporate new information
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Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Sensorimotor: (Piaget Stage 1)
\ * Experiencing the world through senses and actions(, looking, touching, mouthing) * Age range: birth to about 2 years
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Preoperational (Piaget Stage 2)
\ * Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning * Age range: about 2 to 6 years
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Concrete operational (Piaget Stage 3)
\ * Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations * Age range: about 7 to 11 years
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Formal operational (Piaget Stage 4)
\ * Abstract/hypothetical reasoning * Age Range: About 12 through adulthood
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Egocentrism
The inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view (Ex: playing hide and seek with a toddler)
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Theory of Mind
Ideas about your own and others’ mental states- feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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Conservation
Properties (mass, volume, quantity) remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (Ex: the same amount of water in a glass is poured inside a big jug; the amount of water stays the same)
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Concrete to formal operations
Move to a more abstract/hypothetical reasoning
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Lev Vygotsky Social Development Theory
The theory that in order to develop, people must learn through social interaction and cognitive development
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Scaffolding
Teachers model, providing steps to help students work independently
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More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
Teacher, professor, etc.
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Task too difficult to master independently, but can be done with guidance & encouragement from MKO
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Imprinting (Lorenz)
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (Ex: newly born baby ducks will follow the mother duck wherever she goes)
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Stranger Anxiety
fear of strangers
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Secure attacment
* Easily comforted by attachment figure (AF) * Wil explore when AF is around
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Anxious-ambivalent/resistant attacment
* Clingy with AF due to inconsistent support * Won’t explore
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Anxious-avoidant attachment
* Avoids AF; AF often unhelpful * Will explore on own
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Authoritarian
Type of parents that impose rules and expect obedience
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Permissive
Type of parents that are lenient, little to no demands on ==children==
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Authoritative
* Type of parents that have a balance between demanding and responsive to child’s needs * Encourages open discussion & explains reasons behind demands
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Uninvolved/Detached
* Type of parents that have Limited time / energy * Attachment issues + delinquency
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Cisgender
Gender identity corresponds to sex at birth
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Gender Dysphoria
a sense of unease for people who’s gender identity differs from their sex
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Preconventional level (Kohlberg)
Morality of self-interest: To avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
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Conventional level (Kohlberg)
Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Postconventional level (Kohlberg)
Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principels