English literature (jusque Fielding)

English parents, educated by his uncle (England), Trinity College, Anglican clergyman, involved in London’s literary scene, never became bishop

Jonathan Swift

Lifelong friendship with Esther Johnson ; lover + correspondent of Esther Vanhomrigh

Jonathan Swift

Mostly published anonymously, imagined himself as someone else

Jonathan Swift (the “Swiftian persona”)

Letters protesting English monetary scheme under the name of…

MB Drapier (Swift)

Many satires and pamphlets, widely distributed, public attention by pressing social and political issues

Jonathan Swift

Poem in which prevailing vices or follies are held up to ridicule

Satire

Expression of an opinion by using language that normally means the exact opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Irony

A modest proposal (author + date)

Swift, 1729

Slavery as an ! economic sector, Irish great poverty, women as breeders, corruption, dehumanizing voc (savages), political arithmetic

Modest Proposal

Cursive italics in Modest Proposal

Real message of Swift

Political arithmetic

Empiricism and mathematics of the new science are combined

with utilitarianism in politics. People are reduced to numbers, which makes it easy to

make far reaching decisions about them without consulting them.

Precursor to modern statistics

William Petty

Modest Proposal mirrors approach of…

William Petty (political arithmetic)

Swift’s targets (Modest Proposal)

Anglo-Irish absentee landlords

Earlier political action, series of letters attacking English government for its scheme to devalue the Irish currency

The Drapiers’s Letters

The Drapiers’s Letters (author + date)

Swift, 1725

People began to wear Irish linen at funerals, credits to?

Swift’s texts

What makes satire work in Modest Proposal (3)

Fictional persona, satire of himself, cannibalism

Gulliver’s travel (author + date)

Swift, 1726 (+1735)

Altered either by the bookseller or Swift’s friends (Ford or Pope) bc of its dangerous implications (popular, many impressions followed)

1st edition of Gulliver’s travels

Edition on which all modern editions are based ; Dublin, by Faulkner

2nd edition of Gulliver’s travels

Importance of health and hygiene (novel)

Gulliver’s travels

Gulliver’s travel (time + reign)

First 2 decades of the 18th, under Queen Anne (doesn’t really attack anyone)

Has to learn languages, notes about pronunciation

Gulliver

Gulliver’s travels – 1st part

Voyage to Liliputh

Gulliver’s travels – 2nd part

Voyage to Brobdingnag

Gulliver’s travels – 3rd part

Voyage to Laputa

Gulliver’s travels – 4th part

Voyage to the country of the Houyhnhms

Small size reflects small mindness ; 2 political affiliations (shoes – Tories/Whighs) ; 2 religious factions (egg – Protestants/Catholics) ; absurd conflicts ; Blefuscu ; practical side (GT’s part)

Voyage to Liliputh

Giants, LG owned by farmer (exhibits €) ; enlighten King about his country (critical) ; eagle, dropped into the sea (GT’s part)

Voyage to Brobdingnag

Critics scientific culture (beg. 18th ; Petty), empiricism not useful, leads to ruin (GT’s part)

Voyage to Laputa

Intelligent horses (birth control (//MP), curious + Yahoo (degenerate naked human-like race) ; horses’ AG: must leave, avoids his family, buys 2 horses to converse with them (GT’s part)

Voyage to the country of the Houyhnhms

Blefuscu (Liliputh) stands for

France

Lot of humor (adapt to customs/sizes), entertain giants then talks politics, + description of England

LG talks to the King (part II)

King’s questions show…

Negative points (RPZ Swift)

Criticizes gambling, vice of the nobility (who) + England

Swift

Robinson Crusoe (author + date)

Daniel Defoe, 1719

Son of candle makers ; Dissenters (Oxford + Cambridge for Anglicans) ; merchant, bankrupt ; poet, pamphleteer, writer (supports William III) (who)

Defoe

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (who)

Defoe

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (consequences)

Prison (Queen Anne)

Inspired by real life of Scottish sailor

Robinson Crusoe

No author, presented as a real story

Robinson Crusoe

Moll Flanders, Roxana (author)

Defoe

Robinson Crusoe’s legacy (2)

Desert Island Fiction + Robinsonades (Lord of the Flies)

Bad luck, shipwreck, befriends savage Friday (mutual respect but servant/slave ; prayed for) ; as colonizer and missionary ; capitalist view (novel)

Robinson Crusoe

Turns island into England, Friday/guns ; Protestant Work Ethic ; new shipwreck (provisions) ; attention to act of writing

Robinson Crusoe

Spiritual autobiography (starts in sin, doesn’t listen dad/follow Providential plan of God) ; reflection on cannibalism ; moral insights

Robinson Crusoe

Often considered as 1st English novel

Robinson Crusoe

Pamela, virtue rewarded (author + date)

Richardson, 1740

Son of tradesman (//Defoe), printer + publisher (successful, increase of literacy), prolific writer

Richardson

Manual of good letters (who) (conceived idea for the story)

Richardson

Clarissa (author)

Richardson

Pamela’s master (who)

Mister B.

Moral dilemma vs. conventions ; class vs. sexual politics ; power and love ; focus on her psychology

Pamela

15yo, sexually harassed, imprisoned in Lancaster, can’t send letters (parents) so spiritual autobiography (to them) ; asks for her hand

Pamela (Andrew)

Narratives conveyed through letters ; hallmark of 18th

Epistolary form

Why epistolary form is hallmark of 18th (2)

Rise in literacy rates (part. Women) ; advancements in the postal system

Frequent trope : passionate lover to her lover (genre)

Epistolary form

Advantages of epistolary form (3)

Psychological focus (direct thoughts) ; immediacy (urgency) ; trope of found letters (authenticity + intrigue)

Inconvenient of epistolary form

Narrow the scope of narrative (confined reader)

Letters as integral part of the plot

Pamela

Inventive methods – Pamela’s letters intercepted/hidden (2)

Manipulation by Mr. B. + revelation of Pamela’s character (reflect struggles and virtues)

Emphasis on material and practical aspect (paper, ink, delivery, time required) (novel)

Pamela

“Moral propagandist” and “father of epistolary novels” (who)

Richardson

“Pamela” promotes…

Religion and virtue

Self-examination for the protagonist

Pamela

Beginning of absorptive reading (when)

18th (Pamela) (encouraged empathy)

Merchandising (novel)

Pamela (opera, waxworks, fans…)

Dual cultural mindset of the 18th

Rational and sensitive

Sentimental novel (novel)

Pamela

Mrs. Jewkes (antagonist) (novel)

Pamela (teases her then sullen, treats her poorly – true nature)

Shamela (author + date)

Fielding, 1741

Novelist, pamphleteer, journalist, barrister, (//Richardson) ; upper-class, classical literature but ran out of money, so writes ; plays known for satire

Fielding

“The Author’s farce” (author)

Fielding (satire on editors/authors)

Rape upon Rape (author

Fielding (critics legal system)

The Historical Register for the Year 1736 (author)

Fielding (mocks Walpole, upset him)

The Historical Register for the Year 1736 (consequences)

The Licensing Act (1737) (new plays have to be approved from the Lord Chamberlain) (end Fielding’s career as playwright)

The Jacobite’s Journal (author)

Fielding (mock their cause, sarcastic ++)

Famous for satire and comedy ; erotic undertone ; many lit ref ; elevated style ; Latin (neoclassicism) (author)

Fielding

“For Joseph Andrew” (novel + sense)

Shamela, who he’s imitating (satire on title page)

Shamela’s pun

“to sham” (pretend) + politician (manipulator)

“Shamela” mocks…

Richardson, his focus on virtue/devoutness (moralistic tone)

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (author + date)

Fielding, 1749

Discovered in Mr. Allworthy’s bedroom

Tom Jones

Blifil (2)

Allworthy’s nephew + Tom’s rival

Sophia

Promised to Blifil + Tom loves her

Mystery about origins + romance plot (novel) + growth (mistakes but matures)

Tom Jones

Promotes charity and goodness (novel)

Tom Jones

Division of the story into chapters (novel)

Tom Jones

Overt heterodiegetic narrator, metafictional comments (novel)

Tom Jones

“Hogarthian writer” (author)

Fielding

A lot happen, captures intricacies of human behaviour, layered portraits (2 persons)

Fielding and Hogarth

Artist, engraver and printer

Hogarth