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Social psychology
The study of how individuals think and behave in social settings.
Culture
An ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history.
Social role
Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions.
Role conflict
Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior.
Group structure
The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group.
Group cohesiveness
The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group.
In-group
A group with which a person identifies.
Out-group
A group with which a person does not identify.
Social status
The degree of prestige, admiration, and respect accorded to a member of a group.
Social power
The degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member.
Norm
A widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
Social cognition
The process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context.
Social comparison
Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others.
Downward comparison
Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension.
Upward comparison
Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension.
Attribution
The act of assigning cause to behavior.
Situational demands
Unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations.
Self-handicapping
Arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing.
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences.
Actor-observer bias
The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behavior to external causes.
Attitude
Positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues.
Open-ended interview
An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views.
Social distance scale
A rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group.
Attitude scale
A collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement.
Reference group
Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison.
Persuasion
A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.
Cognitive dissonance
Psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent.
Social influence
Changes in a person’s behavior induced by the presence or actions of others.
First way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change your attitude.
Second way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Add consonant thoughts.
Third way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change the importance of the dissonant thoughts.
Fourth way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Reduce the amount of perceived choice.
Fifth way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change your behavior.
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