Social psych: the study of how individuals think and behave in social settings

Culture: an ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history. 

Social role: an expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions (such as daughter, worker, or student). 

Role conflict: trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior. 

Group structure: the network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group. 

Group cohesiveness: the degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group. 

In-group: a group with which a person identifies. 

out-group: A group with which a person does not identify. 

Social status: the degree of prestige, admiration, and respect accorded to a member of a group. 

Social power: the degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member.

Norm: a widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.

Social cognition: the process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context. 

Social comparison: making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others. 

Downward comparison: comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension. 

Upward comparison: comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension. 

Attribution: the act of assigning cause to behavior. 

Situational demands: unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations.

Self-handicapping: arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing. 

Fundamental attribution error: tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences. 

Actor-observer bias: the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behavior to external causes (situations and circumstances). 

Attitude: positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues. 

Open-ended interview: An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views. 

Social distance scale: A rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group. 

Attitude scale: A collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement.

Reference group: Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison. 

Persuasion: A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.

What is the first way to reduce cognitive dissonance: Change your attitude

What is the second way to reduce cognitive dissonance: Add consonant thoughts

What is the third way to reduce cognitive dissonance: Change the importance of the dissonant thoughts

What is the fourth way to reduce cognitive dissonance: Reduce the amount of perceived choice

What is the fifth way to reduce cognitive dissonance: Change your behavior. 

Cognitive dissonance: Psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent.

Social influence: Changes in a person’s behavior induced by the presence or actions of others.