Tap 6.4-6.5

New south

Promoted by Southerners after the Civil War; self-sufficient economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, modernize transportation, and improved race relations

Henry Grady

Editor of the Atlanta constitution; spread gospel of new south with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism

Birmingham (steel)

Alabama developed into one of nations leading steel producers

Memphis (lumber)

Tennessee prospered as South growing lumber industry

Richmond (Tobacco)

Virginia became capital of nations tobacco industry

National rail network

The entire network of interconnected standard gauge rail lines in the US (railroads)

Tenant farmers

Black/white farmers who rented land from someone

Sharecroppers

White/black farmers who paid owner for the use of land with a share of the crop harvested

George Washington carver

African-American scientist at Tuskegee institute in Alabama that promoted growing of diversified crops like peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soy beans. Work played in important role in shifting Southern agriculture toy diverse base

Tuskeegee institute

School in Alabama that focused on training young black students in agriculture to help them achieve economic independence (founded by Booker T. Washington)

White supremacists

People who believe that white people constitute a superior race and should dominate society

Civil rights cases of 1883

Supreme court ruled congress cannot band racial discrimination practiced by private citizens and businesses (railroads, hotels) used by the public

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring separate but equal accommodations for white and black railroad passengers. Court ruled that Louisiana law did not violate the 14th amendment of equal protection of the laws

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws southern states adopted. Required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other public facilities. Only streets and most stores were not restricted

Literacy tests

Tests that require voters to read and understand the constitution in order to be able to vote (affected blacks and poor whites)

Poll taxes

Restricted blacks from right to vote by requiring them to pay a fee or have some sort of property qualification

Grandfather clauses

Allowed men to vote if grandfather voted in an election before Reconstruction

Lynch mobs

Groups of whites who would hang/kill blacks for being accused of a crime or for angering a white person; mostly done in secret

Economic discrimination

Kept most blacks out of skilled trades And factory jobs thus preventing them from moving up to the middle class

Ida B Wells

Editor of black newspaper, Memphis free speech, who campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws. Had to carry on work from North due to death threats

International migration society

Founded by Bishop Henry Turner in 1894 to help blacks immigrate to Africa

Booker T. Washington

Born enslaved but graduated from Hampton institute in Virginia. Established Tuskegee institution in 1881. Supported Atlanta compromise. Thought that black should focus on working hard at job and not challenge segregation and white should support education and some legal rights for blacks. Organized national Negro business league in 1900. Won praise from many whites on emphasis of racial harmony and economic cooperation

WEB Du Bois

Younger black leader after 1900 who would demand a end to Segregation and the granting of equal civil rights to all Americans

Atlanta compromise

Belief that black and white southerners shared responsibility for making nation prosper

Economic cooperation

Belief that black should have equal economic opportunity

Transatlantic cable

Improved by Cyrus W Field in 1860; made it possible to send messages across the in 10 minutes (submarine communications cable connecting one side of the Atlantic to the other)

Telephone

1867; revolutionized communication and creating large new industry that relied heavily on female workers

Alexander Graham Bell

An American inventor that invented the telephone

Eastman Kodak camera

Created by George Eastman in 1880; created handheld device that allowed people to take a picture and freeze the moment in time forever

Henry Bessemer

English man who discovered (along with William Kelly ) that blasting air through molten iron produced high quality steel

Thomas Edison

Worked as telegraph operator as young man. At 22, Pattened first invention: machine for reading votes. Established research lab in New Jersey in 1876. Created many inventions (phonograph, dynamo, mimeograph, motion picture camera, lightbulb)

Menlo park

Where eddison's lab was; first modern research lab, introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working on products as a team

Electric power

Revolutionized industry and worked in homes of normal citizens. More flexible than other energy because it didn't need to be built in a specific area

Electric light

Revolutionized Life, especially in cities, from way people worked to how they shop. (Could see things better)

George Westinghouse

More than 400 patents and a developed air break for railroads and AC (AC made lighting of cities and operating street cars, subways, and machines possible)

Subways

Underground electric railroads; could transport people farther than cities commercial center

Brooklyn Bridge

Maybe longer commute possible between residential and city centers

Skyscraper

Tall buildings in cities (first one in Chicago designed by Baron Jenny with 10 stories and steel skeleton)

Otis elevator

Safety device created by Elisha Otis that Prevents elevators from falling off the hoister, made a building of skyscraper possible

RH Macy

From New York, made large department store popular in urban centers

Mail order companies

Used improved rail system to ship everything from hats the houses that rural customers bought from catalogs

Seers, roebuck & Co.

Large mail order companies that ship things bought from catalogs

Packaged foods

Food previously made; became common (brands like Kellogg and post) in American homes

Canning

Preserving food by sealing it in cans

Advertising

Promoting a product to the public

Gustavus Swift

Packer who changed eating habits of Americans with mass produced to meat and vegetables

Consumer economy

Economy driven by consumer spending money on store products

Large department stores

Increase output of US factories as well as the invention of new consumer products and prompted business to find ways of selling their merchandise to a large public