Ap Bio Final PT 2

Endomembrane function

Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus

plasmodesmata

structure that forms cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls

A sodium-potassium pump

Moved three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP Hydrolysis

ribosomal proteins

Enter the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane

proteins of the membrane are mostly

embedded in a lipid bilayer

The graidents of the other ions are most likely accounted for by

cotransport proteins

most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein

rough er - golgi - - transport vesicle - plasma membrane

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2M Sucrose and 1 M Glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M Sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

Side A is isotonic to side B

According to the fluid mosaic model of the cell membranes, phospholipids

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

The cell would swell because the water in the breaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC

Will happen to Red blood cell which has an internal content of about 0.9% if it is placed with pure water

gap junctions

ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm if an adjacent cell through

Producing large quantities of proteins for secretion

A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely

Correct about Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

cilia and flagella bend because of

a motor protein called dynein

A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in

lysosomes

A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in

lysosomes

A defect in which of the following intercellular junctions would allow partially digested material to leak passively between the cells of the small intestine into abdominal cavity.

tight junctions

major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic do not

difference between pinocytosis and receptor-medicated endocytosis

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-medicated endocytosis offers more selectively

A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost large quantity of blood and attempt to replenish body fluid. Distilled water equal to the volume of blood loss is added to the body directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable resort of this transfusion.

the patients red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

primarily involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs.

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures; enzymes, DNA, Ribosomes, plasma membranes, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

nearly any eukaryotic organism

suppose the cell is secreting insulin, protein hormone vis exocytosis, which accurately describes why this mechanism of transport is ideal for insulin secretion

Proteins are large molecules that cannot be transported efficiently across the membrane vis transport proteins

For a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region

passive transport

includes all the other processes

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and the extra cellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which characteristics are common to all these structures

They are constructed of materials that are exported from inside the cell and then transported out of the cell for assembly

Ion Electrochemical Gradients

diffusion of ions across the membranes through specific ion channels driven by

Example of potential rather than kinetic energy

a molecule of glucose

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Anabolic Reactions

decrease the entropy within a cell

A chemical reaction that has a positive AG id described as

endergonic

common characteristic of catabolic pathways

they are exergonic and provide energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP and pi

Most likely associated with an enzyme that catalyzes two different chemical reactions

Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or substrates involved in two reactions have similar structures

Activation Energy

Thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction

Primary function of the active sites of an enzyme

it catalyzed the reaction associated with the enzyme

competitive inhibition

increase the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction with a fixed amount of enzyme

how might a change of one amino acid at a site, distant from active sites alter substrate specificity of an enzyme

by changing the three-dimensional conformation of the enzyme

for the enzyme catalyzed reaction shown, if the initial reactant is 1.0 micromolar which of these treatments will cause greatest increase in rate of reaction

doubling the enzyme concentration

which curved on the graphs may represent temperature and ph profiles of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly akaline hot springs at temperatures of 70 degrees c or higher

curves 3 and 5

Which best describes the forward reaction in the figure

exergonic G<0

What role does malonic acid play with the respect to succinate dehydrogenase

malonic acid is a competitive inhibitor

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid 1980s researchers discovered an exam and HIV called Protes. Once the enzyme structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs out, fit it into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIB infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon.

competitive inhibition

A series of enzymes catalyzes the reactions in the metabolic pathway X-Y-Z-A Product A bines to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. What id substance X?

A substrate

Which of the following statements is an important consequence of this first law

the organism must ultimately obtain all tje necessary energy for life from its environment

Succinate is the substrate, fumarate is the product in the reaction

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system id AG=AH- TAS. Which is correct?

AG is the change of free energy

How an Enzyme increased the rate of chemical reaction it catalyzes

An enzyme reduced the free energy of activation Ea of the reaction it catalyzes

Main product of calvin cycle

G3P

Electron Transport chain

it consists of a series of redox reactions

cellular respiration and fermentation does substrate-level phosphorylation

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells

mitochondrial intermembrane space

how many molecules produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration

30-32

To identify the molecule that accepts co2 Calvin and Benson manipulated the carbon fixation cycle by either cutting off CO2 or cutting off light from cultures of Photos synthetic algae. They then measured the concentrations various metabolities immediately following the manipulation. how would these help

the co2 acceptor concentration would increase when the co2 is cut off but decrease when the light is cut off

the oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which proceds

splitting water molecules

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations, will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will resell inside out the little vesicles that can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP after the disruption, which components involved in oxidative phosphorylation must be present for election, transfer, and ATP synthesis to still occur.

all of the electron transport system and atp synthase

in photo synthetic cell synthesis of ATP, by chemiosmosis occurs during

Photosynthesis and respiration

for each mole of glucose oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric cycle

4

High levels of citric acid, inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid bond to the enzyme at a different location from that active site. This is an example of

allosteric regulation

Where in a plant cell does the calvin cycle take place

stroma of the chloroplast

what conditions do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in most plants

photosynthesis occurs only in the light, cellular respiration in both dark and light

Where are ATP synthase complexes located in plant cells

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

Correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis

H20 - NADPH - Calvin Cycle

which of the following sets of energy containing products

2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP

True about NAD+

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

Basic role of Co2 in photosynthesis

Co2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules

Role of Co2 in photosynthesis

Co2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules

Proceds directly associated with photosystem 1

receiving electrons across thylakoid membrane ETC

C02 is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl COA and the citric acid cycle

Free energy released as electrons are passed to photosystem I

used to establish and maintain a proton graident

Driven by chemiosmosis

oxidative phosphorylation

When electrons are passed from one atom to another more electronegative atom

the more electronegative atom is reducef and energy is released

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of which of the following sets of molecules

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Where would elevated concentrations of oxygen inhibit carbon fixation reactions

cell II only

What do these observation suggest about the likely identity of this organism

It is a facultative anaerobic organism

what kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

What id likely to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply

catabolic processes are activated that generated more ATP

where cell actually produced two new identical cells

cytokinesis when the cytoplasm divides forming two new cells

In yeast signal transduction, a yeast cell releases a mating factor which

binds to receptors on the membranes of other types of yeast cells

Describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during process of meiosis 1

each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

MPF reaches highest concentration in this stage

III

M phase checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle, cells most likely be arrested in

metaphase

Which of the explanations identifies the correct process, and supports the claim. That irritable information is passed from one generation to another.

in asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of a scene to it’s offspring, without the fusion of gametes

Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit

they carry information for the same characters

chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I

the cells are haploid, the chromosomes are each composer of two chromatids

cyclin dependent kinase

a cdk is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins

target organ to respond to a particular hormone

the target organ must have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule

If animal cell lost GTP

would not be able to activate G proteins

how many chromosomes in each daughter cell following cytokinesis

20

homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle

II

Density dependent inhibition

A cells become more numerous the cell surface proteins of one cell contact the adjoining cells, and they signal each other to stop dividing

A sexual reproduction occurred during which of the following processes

mitosis

in the formation of biofilm, such as those for being on unbrushed teeth south, signaling serves, which function

Aggregation of bacteria that can cause cavities

Taxol is an anti cancer drug extracted from the Pacific U tree and animal cells, taxol prevents microtuble depolymerization. taxol stops mitosis by interfering with which of the following structures or processes

The mitotic spindle

In what way do kinetochore microtubules facilitate the process of splitting the centromeres

they create tension by pulling toward opposite poles