AP Hug Unit 6

30 vocab. 10 write term. 20 write definition

Site factors

Climate, land forms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors.

Situation factors

Connections between sites, the relative location often dictates the function of the city.

urbanization

A place that is shirting from rural land use to being more populated.

megacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people

Metacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than **20 million people**

periphery

less developed

semi-periphery

kinda developed

suburbanization

The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities. (exact on quiz def)

urban sprawl

the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land. Think of it as an example of urban decentralization.

urban decentralization

Act of spread from the center

edge city

Community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes, and amenities typically found in an urban center

exurb

Community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs, “exurban.” Function like a suburb, but more rural and less connected to the central city core.

boomburb

Suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents. Typically made up of planned communities that have began to merge together.

world city

Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence and make up a network of economic, social, and information flows.

urban hierarchy

hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, and megalopolis

globalization

increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world

Rank-size rule

Model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. Typically indicates somewhat even development.

2nd=1/2

3rd=1/3

primate city

• Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state.

• One particular city is extremely large in terms of population size AND economic, cultural and political influence.

• Typically indicates relatively uneven development within a state.

gravity modle

• Model that illustrates the spatial relationship/amount of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication, etc.

• Considers the distance between two locations and their relative sizes.

• Larger cities interact more often with other large cities, rather than small cities.

• Small cities are drawn to the influence and impact of large cities (gravity tordwwas those bigger cities)

Christaller's central place theory

• Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns/order of cities and settlements.

• Based on economic functions/consumer behavior - the “central place” is the large city that provides the most goods and services for the surrounding areas.

• Smaller settlements (towns, villages, hamlets) organize around the “central place.”

• Think about hexagons!!!

• try to get to the central spot. (she wrote def)

• URBAN HIERARCHY, TOWNS< VILLAGE

Burgess concentric-zone model

Based on the development of Chicago in the 1920s. Concentric rings are used to classify each type of land use pattern.

• Ring #1. Bid-Rent Theory -> The CBD is the location of major economic activity and the most expensive land.

• Ring #2: Zone of Transition. Factories and industry with a mix of low income apartments.

• Ring #3.  Another ring of low income housing. High population density, poor living conditions.

• Rings #4 & 5.As distance from the CBD increases, the cost of land is less expensive -> Larger plots of land -> low population density -> single family homes.

Hoyt sector model

Based on improving the Concentric Zone Model. Use of sectors/wedges to classify each type of land use pattern.

• Sectors develop along transportation routes.

• Low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes.

• Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center and manufacturing so as not to experience heavy traffic, pollution, etc.

Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model

Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards to create a functional region. Site and situational factors influence land-use patterns.

• CBD remains an important location, however there are other, smaller business districts in various locations.

• Manufacturing & Industry are located near transportation routes for easier shipping.

• Similar businesses locate near each other to take advantage of labor pools, suppliers and communication.

• Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center and industry so as not to experience heavy traffic, pollution, etc.

galactic city model

Most modern; developed in the 1980s. Focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments. 

* As suburbanization and the ownership of cars increased starting in the 1950s, urban areas developed differently than in the past. 

Includes edge cities which are like mini-CBDs, which include shopping, entertainment, and offices and are typically located along transportation routes.

bid-rent theory

The __value__ of land is influenced by its __distance__ from the market/city center (CBD).

 Latin American city model

• Shares basic structures of the Concentric Zone and Sector City Models.

• Characteristized by the “spine” that runs from the modernized CBD in the center, through wealthy housing and connects to a secondary urban center called the mall.

Southeast Asian city model

• Characteristized by a port zone, which was the center of commerce in colonial SE Asia - export oriented, so no CBD.

• History of Chinese immigrants throughout SE Asia - on the model, there is a secondary commercial zone for Chinese business called the Alien commercial zone.

• History of colonialism results in a Western commercial zone in which merchants from European countries are located.

Market gardening zone is distinctive due to the climate and agricultural land use in SE Asian locations.

African city model

• Characteristized by 3 CBDs, and reflects the influence of colonialism throughout the continent.

• Traditional CBD: Small shops, narrow streets

• Colonial CBD: Big streets, straight, often in grid-like patterns, with government buildings with European architectural styles. *Sense of place!

• Market Zone: Traditional open-air markets.

• Mostly outdated, but the 3 CBDs can still be seen on the *cultural landscape today in some African countries.

infilling

Redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area. (it is controversial)

infrastructure

Refers to the basic support systems needed to keep a society and economy running smoothly.

sustainable design

Reducing the city’s impact on the environment. Ex: bike paths, less parking, high density places for easy access to everything you need.

mixed land use

Planned urban development that includes multiple uses such as retail, residential, educational, recreational and businesses. Only one type of development - residential, commercial, or industrial.

urban walkability

Walkability provides urban residents with safe, convenient and efficient ways to walk or bicycle to important places.

transportation-oriented development

Public transportation. Decreases air pollution, reduces traffic congestion and allows for valuable urban land to be used to create mixed-use developments instead of parking lots.

smart-growth policies

Types of sustainable urbanism design policies - are oftentimes used interchangeably. Increase the use of already existing urban structures, create walkable and liveable cities. (The step to create new urbanism) (not on quiz)

New Urbanism

Reducing urban sprawl and develop urban spaces that are sustainable, efficient, and environmentally conscious. (not on quiz)

De facto segregation

 Low income families and people of color can no longer afford to live in the city and are forced to move out.

quantitative data

 involves descriptive depictions or characteristics of a research topic - often based on people’s perceptions or opinions.

Quantitative Data

involves numbers and statistics - can be measured

Census Data

A survey for info about America

survey data

Quantitative data example. population or development statistics

field study

Qualitative data example. Out of the books.

field narrative

Description of the field work. Qualitative data.

 housing discrimination

Segregating people in their land ownership

 redlining

Housing discrimination maintained by banks - starting in the 1930s, refusal to grant home loans in certain areas because of the ethnic or racial composition

blockbusting

Housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry - white families were encouraged to rapidly sell when African-American families moved into neighborhoods.

housing affordability

Rising mortgage rates, expensive home prices, low inventory and inflation have made it more difficult for the average American family to afford a home.

environmental injustice

Communities of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air and water pollution

disamenity zone

Locations that are typically physically unsafe with dangerous terrain that are not connected to city services.

zone of abandonment

Locations that have been abandoned due to a lack of jobs, housing opportunities, decline in land values or falling demand.

squatter settlement

Residential areas that are situated on undesirable/ abandoned land that are built with found materials and not connected to city services. (not on test)

Local food movement

Using city-owned land or abandoned areas to plant community, urban gardens to provide fresh fruit and vegetables to people living in food deserts. (not on test)

 urban renewal

 Programming funded by federal government grants after WWII intended to redevelop and modernize blighted, abandoned and/or industrial urban areas (not on test)