AP European History: Test 1 (Chpt 12)

Renaissance

A rebirth of classical ideas

Classical

Greek and Roman ideas

2 reasons why economics in Europe shift to commercial wealth (trade)

1. The crusades

2. The Black Death

Which 3 cities grew rich on commerce?

1. Venice

2. Genoa

3. Milan

In which city did the Renaissance originate?

Florence

What was Florence important for?

Banking

What was the main banking family in Florence?

Medici Family

Oligarchy

Government by a few with a lot of power

• Merchants

Republic

Citizens elect their leaders

Humanism

Celebration of humanity and this life (God’s creation)

What position of power is being abolished because of humanism

Kings

Life (scholasticism vs humanism)

Scholasticism: life as just a journey to heaven

Humanism: Life is a celebration

The Individual (scholasticism vs humanism)

Scholasticism: He is Demphasized

Humanism: He is Emphasized

Education (scholasticism vs humanism)

Scholasticism: Theology, controlled by church

Humanism: Liberal Arts (well rounded educated person)

All Renaissance art has…?

• Accurate depiction of human form

• Perspective

• Symmetry

• Nature

What was the state of Italy around this time?

• A warring states period

• City-states divided and fighting each other

• Opportunity for other European countries to take over

2 Types of Humanism

1. Secular

2. Christian

Secular Humanism

• Machiavelli

• Wrote “The Prince” (a guide to stay in power)

Why is it better to be feared than to be loved or hated? (Machiavelli)

• If you are hated people look to get rid of you

• If you are loved people take advantage of you only loving you for what you provide

• If you are feared the people depend on you. Giving them just enough to be satisfied but not too much to become greedy (fear what little they have can be taken away)

Christian Humanism

• Thomas Moore

• Wrote “Utopia” (no place)

• Morality

What makes a good “Medieval” ruler and who is associated with these ideas?

• St. Augustine

• A good ruler is someone who imitates the goodness of God

• Morality

What makes a good “Secular” ruler and who is associated with these ideas?

• Machiavelli

• A good ruler stays in power 

• Win by any means necessary 

• Amorality 

When and who created the printing press?

• Johann Gutenberg

• 1455

Social Hierarchies

Educated vs. Uneducated

Race

Increasingly more ethnic than biological

Did anything change for women in the Renaissance?

No

Who was the Hundred Years War between?

England and France

When was the Battle of Agencourt

Oct. 25, 1415

Battle of Agencourt (details)

• 5,000 English

• 25,000 French

• English on high ground with long bows (new)

• English win

Joan of Arc

• Peasant in North France

• Claimed she was chosen by God to get rid of the English in France

• Becomes leader of Valois army

• Patron saint of France 

What happened to Joan of Arc

• Captrued by Bergundians in 1430

• They said she was a witch

• King did not come for her

• Burned at the stake

Which families fight in the War of the Roses?

• Lancaster and York dynasty

• Yorks win

Battle of Towton

• Fought on Palm Sunday

• Bloodiest day on English soil

• 28k died

Henry Tudor

• Parents Edmund and Mary

• Mother had him at 13

• Edmund dies

• Mary + Henry live together in France

Battle of Bosworth Field

• 1485

• Tudor invades England

• Tudor (Yorks) win'

• Tudor crowned King

What does Henry VII (Tudor) do to keep the peace between Lancasters and Yorks?

He marries Elizabeth of York and have a son who is half and half

What does Henry VII (Tudor) do in England while in power?

• He avoids wars

• Legal reforms 

• Roman Law (harsh)

• Tax reforms (coins to pay)

• Brought stability after 150+ years of wars

What is the reformed court under Henry VII (Tudor) called?

The Court of the Star Chamber

• Henry appointed the judges himself

Marriage politics in Spain

• Ferdinand + Isabella (Spain) have daughter Katharine of Aragon

• Henry VII + Elizabeth have a son Arthur

• They marry the two to prevent future conflict 

Religious conformity in spain

• King + Queen appoint Bishops

• Expel Jews and Muslims 

What did Spain do to enforce religious conformity?

• Inquisitions 

• Enforced by Dominicans 

• Implemented torture to get answers

French king Louis XI’s nickname and why?

• “Spider King”

• Extends French Borders

What does French King Louis XI do about religious control?

• Implemented Concordat of Bologna

• Allowed king to pick bishops

What is Christian Humanism

A philosophy that emerged from North Europe

The 2 Philosophers involved with Christian Humanism

• Desiderius Erasmus (Dutch)

• Thomas More (French)

Desiderius Irasmus

• Belived education to bring out the goodness of people

• Classical education (liberal Arts)

• “The Education of a Christian Prince”

• “In Praise of Folly”

• Belived all Christians should read Bible

Thomas More

• Lawyer

• Classical Education

• “A man for all seasons”

• Writes “Utopia” (no place)

• Reform of social inst. could reduce or eliminate corruption and war