Western Civilizations to 1500s - Final Exam

Final exam covering the Renaissance of the western world.

Black Death

• “Bubonic plague”

• Took about ~1/3 to ½ of Europe’s population

• Carried by fleas and spread from the trade routes

• Originated in China

Giovanni Boccaccio

• Author of the Decameron

• Tells stories of fulfilling bodily pleasure

  • “salty topics”

• Attacks church

The Decameron

• Reading (4-24)

• Describes the Black Death and its effects

100 Year War

• Between England and France

• Land dispute

• England started to win, France won in the end

• 1337-1453

Battle of Agincourt

• English victory over the French

• Signified small English army over massive French nobility

  • English used the longbow

• In Shakespearean play “Henry V”

Joan of Arc

• Teenage girl who had visions

  • fighting and winning for France

• King Charles VI allows her to fight/ lead a troop to battle

• France starts winning

• Gets betrayed by French nobles, gets tried and burned at the stake for “being a witch”

Boniface VII

• Pope that said he was above the crown

• Pope over secular rule

• King of France (Phillip IV) captures Boniface → papal authority declines

• Pope must remain loyal to the crown

• Cardinals start electing French pope’s

Unam Sanctum

• Papal bull

• Used to say pope was superior

• Salvation through submission to the pope

Philip IV

• French king

• Captured Boniface to prove church must remain loyal to crown

  • Not superior

Avignon

• Moves papal capital from Rome to France

Great Schism explained

• Started from Avignon, Italian and French cardinals fight

• Eventually Italian pope is elected and they move back to Italy

• French get mad and split off creating their own pope back in France

• Creates the Pope and the Anti-pope

• Eventually a third pope appears somewhere else too but idk where nor do i care :D

Concilliarism

• Theology belief that a general church had more power than an individual pope

Council of Constance

• Resolved Western Schism

• Removed 3 rival popes and established Martin V as the one supreme Pope

• Showed Council’s power to depose a pope and restore order

Giotto

• Famous artist post plague

• Forerunner of Italian renaissance

• Marked clear artistic innovation with new style

• 3 dimensional depth

Petrarch

• Father of Italian Renaissance

• Obsessed w/ Roman classics

• Discovered Ciero’s letters → led to obsession + rise to humanism

Lorenzo Valla

• Understood languages → disproved “Donation of Constantine”

  • Proved it was forgery

  • It was a fake document that supported papal authority

Johannes Gutenberg

• Used invention of printing press

• Made Gutenberg bible the first novel produced from a moveable metal printing type

Guicciardini

• Wrote historical books that analyzed cause and effects of events he was involved in

  • "History of Italy”

  • “History of Florence”

Julius II

• Warrior Pope

• Hired Michelangelo to paint ceiling in chapel

  • Patron for the arts

Alexander VI

• Part of Borgia family → led to nepotism giving his children positions

• Fathered Cesare and Lucrezia

Raphael

• Young painter

• Created “School of Athens” painting

  • Greek and Roman

• Madonna paintings

  • Beauty

Michelangelo

• Commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint chapel ceiling

• Created David statue from marble

Donatello

• Famous sculptor

• Used marble and bronze

Leonardo da Vinci

• Shift to high renaissance movement

• Dissected human bodies to understand nature

• Go beyond realism

• Painted “Last Supper”

Florence

• Capital of Italian Renaissance movement

Doge

• Elected lifelong ruler over Venice

  • Independent city state

Republic of Venice

• City state in Italy

• Traded with Byzantine Empire

• Printing press capital

Duchy of Milan

• Economic and political center

• Wealthy from agriculture, silk, etc..

• Where Leonardo created “The Last Supper”

• Flourished under families like Visconti and Sforza

Szfora family

• Patronized artist like Leonardo

• Built up army

• Encouraged economic/ trade

Niccolo Machiavelli

• Author of “The Prince”

• Inspired by Cesare

The Prince

• Guidebook on how to obtain and keep power

• Fear over love

• Human nature is fickle so rulers are there to keep control

• Fortune and Virtu (ability)

Cosimo de’ Medici

• Founder of Medici dynasty

• Banking

• Supported artists + thinkers early Renaissance

Lorenzo Medici (The Magnificent)

• Political leader that helped maintain peace

• Funded artists like Michelangelo

• Helped further the Renaissance

Humanism

• Influenced by Greek and Roman classics

• Study of Humanity

• Human potential and individualism

Neoplatism

• Revival of Ancient Greek philosophy

• Brought back Plato ideals

Pico della Mirandola

• Humanist

• “Oration on the Dignity of Man”

• Celebrated human potential + free will

• Syncretic approach to try and harmonize diverse philosophical and religious traditions into a single framework

Northern Renaissance

• North Europe

• Created oil paintings

• Where the printing press was invented (Germany)

• Christian humanism

  • Reform based on Christian ideals

Albrecht Durer

• German painter

• Print making on woodcuts and engravings

Jan Van Eyck

• Created/ mastered oil paintings

  • previously used egg-based paints

Erasmus

• Dutch humanist in Northern Renaissance, Catholic priest

• Critiqued Christian corruption → “The Praise of the Folly”

  • satirical essay

• Published first Greek New Testament

Thomas More

• Doubted Jesus resurrection → Eventually changed idk

• Created book “Utopia”

  • Satire of politics

• Lord Chancellor under King Henry VII

• Refused Oath of Supremacy and was executed for it

  • Oath: Recognized King as true religious leader, NOT the pope

John Wyclif

• In England

• Says Papacy isn’t biblical

• Gets followers → group called Lollards

• Labeled heretics by Church

John Hus

• Inspired by Wyclif

• In Bohemia

• Gets "‘invited’ by Papacy to council meeting → tricked and arrested

• Tried as a heretic and burned at the stake

Ottoman Turks

• Influenced through trade, artistic exchange, and new technology

• Fall of Constantinople led to Greek scholars fleeing to Italy → Greek influence

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

• Spain princess of Castile

• Prince of Aragon

• Marriage created a unified Spain

• Built up an army → Christianized Spain

  • Inquisition

    • Made Muslims convert

    • Drove out Jews

Christopher Columbus

• Looking for faster way to India

  • Spice trade

• Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella

Columbus Exchange (extra)

• Brought disease, livestock, and slavery

  • Old to new world

• Corn, sugar, tomatoes, potatoes, coffee, chocolate

  • New to old world

Habsbury

• Northern Renaissance monarchy

• Supported arts

• Power thro strategic marriage over policy

• Patron for Albrecht Durer

Henry VII

• Lancaster by Birth

• Defeated York’s in Europe Civil war

  • War of Roses

  • York King → Richard III

• Ended war by marrying RIchard’s daughter- Elizabeth