Young Families Health Test 1

What is atraumatic care?

Ensuring that every exposure to healthcare does not result in fear, anxiety, or trauma.

This prevents impacting their health seeking behaviours as adults.

What is a genogram?

A pictorial display of a person’s family relationships and medical history.

What is an eco map?

A graphical representation of all the systems that play a role in a person’s life

What are the causes of infertility in women?

• Ovarian factors

• Tubal factors

• Peritoneal factors (endometriosis)

• Uterine factors

• Vaginal-cervical factors

• BMI >35 or <19

What is hysterosalpingography?

X-ray after shooting dye into uterus to see if tubes are blocked

What is a laparoscopy?

Minor surgery, incision into abdomen for camera

What are causes of infertility for males?

• Undescended testes

• Hypospadias

• Varicocele (varicose vein of the scrotum)

• Low testosterone levels

• Substance use

• Scrotum temperature

• Smoking

How is infertility diagnosed (time frame)

• 1 year of trying if woman < age 35

• 6 months of trying if woman > age 35

What is spinnbarkeit?

Ovulating cervical mucous

What are three methods to test for male infertility?

• semen analysis

• hormone analysis

• scrotal / transrectal ultrasound

What type of lubricant will make it harder for pregnancy to occur?

Water based lubricant

What is gametogenesis?

Formation of sex cells (eggs + sperm)

Oogenesis

Egg creation

Spermatogemesis

Sperm creation

Conception

Sperm meets egg and implants into uterus

Teratogen

Unintended negative effect on the development of a pregnancy

When during a pregnancy is spontaneous abortion common?

1-2 weeks

When during a pregnancy can major congenital anomalies occur?

From 3-7 weeks

When during a pregnancy can functional defects and minor anomalies occur?

8-38 weeks

What is the yolk sac?

Gives fetus nutrients and oxygen before placenta is grown

How long does it take for the placenta to fully grow?

12 weeks

What are the 2 layers of the amniotic sac?

• Amnion

• Chorion

Amnion

Covering on the outside of the amniotic sac, contains amniotic fluid

Chorion

Covering on the fetal side of the amniotic sac, contains major umbilical chord blood vessels

What blood vessels are in the umbilical chord?

• 1 vein

• 2 arteries

When does the placenta deliver, and what are the risks if it doesn’t?

• Normally delivers within 30 minutes

• If not, there is a significant risk of postpartum hemorrhage

• Will go to OR for surgical removal

What are the four main functions of the placenta?

• Gas exchange (placenta = lungs of the fetus!!!)

• Nutrition

• Hormone production (placenta makes hormones that sustain pregnancy, like HGC, progesterone, estrogen)

• Waste removal

Placentophagy

Eating one’s own placenta

What are the benefits of placentophagy?

Extra nutrients and iron

What are the risks of placentophagy?

• Risk of infection if placenta grows bacteria before consumption.

• Risk of baby death from breastfeeding after eating placenta if mother has group b strep (GBS) (30% of population carries it)

What is the benefit of delayed chord clamping?

If the clamping of the umbilical chord is delayed for 60-90 seconds, the placenta continues to send oxygen and nutrients to the baby.

At 6 months of age, the baby will have increased iron levels

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid? (3)

• Protects umbilical chord from compression.

• Reduces friction.

• Temperature stabilization

Oligohydramnios

Low amount of amniotic fluid

Polyhydramnios

High amount of amniotic fluid

• more common in people with diabetes

When is the fetal stage?

10 weeks gestation

What is fetal viability and when is it?

• Fetal viability is if the fetus can survive outside of the uterus

• 22 weeks gestation

Foramen ovale

Fetus has shunt (hole) between both atriums to keep blood moving so half of blood isn’t going to lungs

Ductus arteriosus

Shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta, allows oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation

Ductus venosus

Connects umbilical chord to inferior vena cava, allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver

Fetal surfactant

Supports air breathing, helps to lower surface tension of lungs thus preventing collapse

What is the L/S ratio

a test of fetal amniotic fluid to assess for fetal lung immaturity

normal value is 2 - 2.5

What is practice breathing?

Lungs contract and expand without gas exchange in utero near end of pregnancy

Hepatic system

• iron storage (first 5 months of life, iron from mom)

Why are babies given a shot of vitamin K at birth?

a single vitamin K shot at birth protects your baby from developing dangerous bleeding which can lead to brain damage and even death.

Meconium

baby’s first bowel movement, usually passed within 48 hours postpartum

• is a very dark green, almost black color

When will babies begin to react to sound and movement in utero?

24 weeks

Development of neural tube

• neural tube = brain + spinal chord

• initally open at the end

• if neural tube does not close = spinal bifida

When do the genetalia differentiate?

9 weeks

What holds the unfused skull bones together?

fibrous connective tissue

Vernix caseosa

thick white moisturizer covering baby’s skin at birth

Lanugo

Body hair lost in first few months, helps keep vernix caseosa on skin

Monozygotic

one egg, identical twins

Dizygotic

two eggs, non-identical twins

Monochorionic

one placenta

Dichoriotic

two placentas

Monoamniotic

one amniotic sac

Diamniotic

two amniotic sacs

Chlamydia

• bacterial sti

• often asymptomatic

• can lead to reproductive complications

Gonorrhea

• bacterial sti

• 2/3 cases are men

• can lead to reproductive complications

• symptom: thick discharge, painful urination, pain

Syphilis

• bacterial sti

• progresses in stages

• infectious in first year after contraction

• individuals develop small, painless sore

• 3rd stage of syphilis can lead to death

Genital herpes

• viral sti

• HSV-1 = cold sores

• HSV-2 = genital sores

• has flare ups

Hepatits B

• viral sti

• found in body fluids

• chronic infection damages liver

• no outward signs of infection (flu-like symptoms)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• viral sti

• attacks body’s immune system

• fatal stage of HIV = AIDS

• transmitted through body fluids

Human Papillomavirus

• viral sti

• most common sti

• low risk = anogenital warts, lesions

• high risk = cervical cancer

• transmitted through sexual activity

What are the 4 types of contraception methods?

• Behavioural methods

• Barrier methods

• Hormonal methods

• Permanent methods

What are 4 types of behavioural methods for contraception?

• Abstinence (no sex)

• Fertility-awareness

• Withdrawal (coitus interruptus)

• Lactational amenorrhea method

What are 4 barrier methods for contraception?

• Condom (male & female)

• Diaphragm

• Cervical cap

• Sponge

What are 7 hormonal methods for contraception?

• Oral contraceptive

• Injectable contraceptive

• Transdermal patch

• Vaginal ring

• Implantable contraceptive

• Intrauterine contraceptive

• Emergency contraceptive

What are 2 permanent methods for contraception?

• Tubal ligation

• Vasectomy

How do oral contraceptives work?

They suppress ovulation by adding estrogen and progesterone to the body, mimicking pregnancy.

How do mini-pills (oral contraceptives containing only progesterone) work?

They thicken the cervical mucus to prevent penetration of the sperm

Up to how many months do injectable contraceptives work?

Up to 3 months

What is Depo-provera?

An intramuscular injectable of progesterone only contraceptive given every 12 weeks

What is a risk of using injectable contraceptives?

Loss of bone density

For how many weeks is a transdermal patch effective?

3 weeks, followed by 1 week patch free

What is the vaginal ring?

• Hormonal method (both estrogen and progesterone)

• Inserted in vagina for 3 weeks and then 1 week ring free

What are implantable contraceptives?

• Subdermal time-release method.

• Delivers synthetic progestin that inhibits ovulation.

• Is effective for 3 years.

What are intrauterine contraceptives?

• Can be hormonal or non-hormonal.

• Prevent pregnancy by inhibiting sperm mobility and viability.

• Usually can be effective for 5 years.

What is the copper IUD?

• non-hormonal intrauterine contraception.

• can remain in place for 10 years.

• works by releasing copper ions, which are spermicidal.

What is emergency contraception?

• used within 72 hours of unprotected sex.

• reduce risk of pregnancy by 80%