World History Renaissance Review Flashcards Part 2 (Early, High and Northern Renaissance.

All Renaissance

Humanism

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. It's the idea that humans matter too and can have ideas and be creative.

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Predominantly of art and culture, began due to the Inspiration of Roman Ruins, the relocation of people from the Byzantine Empire, and the Medici, who were rich sponsors.

Classicism

A style of Ancient Greeks and Romans. (art, literature, philosophy, culture...)

Secularism

Separation of church and state.

Linear perspective

A way of perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance and create the illusion of depth. It also uses a vanishing point, and orthogonals to create the illusion of depth.

Color perspective

The use of contrasts in color value (light vs. dark), intensity (bright vs. dull), and temperature (warm vs. cool) to cause areas of a composition to seem to advance or recede and create the illusion of depth. In summary it's the illusion of depth using color.

City-State

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. Many of these were located in Italy. Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, and Rome. They became rich from the trade from the east and helped develop the flourishing culture of the Renaissance.

Gothic Architecture

(1200-1500) Relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires. The weight of the building was carried by columns, which allowed much larger windows.

Romanesque Architecture

Has thick walls and small windows, which are good for defense. Common as early Christian churches in Italy, Spain, and Greece.

The Moveable Type (Printing Press)

Individual characters made of metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again. Greatly increased literacy and the spread of information by decreasing the cost of books.

Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1450. Helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance. Allowed the Renaissance to spread because it made new ideas available to a much larger audience. More books were written in the vernacular (native languages like Spanish, English, German, rather than in Latin).

Petrarch

a scholar who was one of the first humanists. He translated classical works into Latin and popularized them such as, The Iliad, The Odyssey (About a man who uses his thinking to return to his wife), The Republic (About independent thought and other ways of life instead of one state), Meditation. He was a priest who had a lover, although he wasn't allowed to as a clergy. (Born in 1303 died in 1373). He was also a poet.

Brunelleschi

Was a goldsmith, but had the opportunity to build the world’s biggest dome in Florence called the Santa Maria del Fiore but burned all his notes before he died. He reinvented Linear Perspective.

Ghiberti

Brunelleschi’s assistant turned competitor. Both submitted almost identical gold medallion’s to the competition to build the Baptistry doors, they tied and had to work together to build them, but Brunelleschi forfeited.

Donatello

He created famous sculptures like the Bronze David (David and Goliath). Good with bronze, marble, and wood. He did many equestrian sculptures (the Gattamelata). Helped Brunelleschi go through and examine Roman ruins. They were contemporaries. Was known for often talking to his sculptures. His favorite piece was a statue he named Zuccone.

Botticelli

He painted The Birth of Venus in the 1480s and the Primavera which both are great examples of classicism, color perspective, and realism. 1445

Leonardo da Vinci

Was an inventor, scientist, and artist. Created the Mona Lisa, the Vitruvian Man, and The Last Supper. Explored linear, color, and atmospheric perspectives.

Michelangelo

Created the sculpture David, the Creation of Adam, and the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Raphael

He was a painter and architect who is famous for his paintings Triumph of Religion and The School of Athens. The School of Athens is a great example of classicism. He is also known for his plans and early work on Saint Peter’s Basilica before his untimely death, in which Michelangelo took over.

Why the Renaissance started in Italy

Inspiration of Roman ruins

Relocation of people from the byzantine empire

Rich sponsors

The Renaissance spread to:

France

England

Germany

Spain

Elements of Renaissance:

• Painting

• Sculptures

• Architecture

• Music

• Literature

• Mathematics

• Science

Medici’s

Four popes, one cardinal, dukes, queens/kings, one of the richest families in the higher renaissance. They specialized in currency exchange, double entry accounting, they were not ostentatious. Sponsored more than 80% of renaissance art, michelangelo, raphael, leonardo da vinic. Took over Florence, took governors and Machiavelli and threw them in jail. Billionaires (modern day).  They made their money as bankers and trade, and became extremely wealthy patrons of the arts.

Sir Thomas More

Philosopher of Northern Renaissance, author of Utopia (had the idea of a perfect world where everyone was equal), totes besties w/ Erasmus, good friends w/ Henry the 8th, and killed by Henry after speaking his mind on what was right of Henry, like being loyal to one woman instead of having 6 wives D:

Shakespeare

Part of the Northern Renaissance, had a large impact on human language, new words and expressions, and pattern in writing - humanism; many themes of a fool who spoke the truth to power. Most famous author today.

Pieter Breugel

Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painter’s paintings are an example of the Northern Renaissance (hunters in the snow, the peasant wedding). Usually low-middle class daily life. Also known as _____ “Peasant” ______ due to his focus on peasants. Influenced by Rafael. Lots and lots of humanism, and mannerism.

Jacob Burkhardt

Swiss historian in the 18th century who discovered that the renaissance can be divided into three sections, early renaissance: Petrarch, Ghiberti, Botticelli; High renaissance: Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rafael, Machiavelli; and Northern Renaissance: Shakespeare, Bruegals.

Fresco

is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster, introduced in Italy in the 13th century, and was perfected during the Renaissance.

“The Birth of Venus” and “Primavera”

Botticelli

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

Filippo Brunneleschi. 

Linear Perspective introduced

Gates of Paradise” or “Baptistry Doors

Ghiberti.

The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne”

Leonardo da Vinci 1501-1519

Peasant Wedding/ Hunters in the snow/

Pieter Bruegel 1567 and 1577

La Pieta

(Michelangelo) - 1499

In Praise of Folly

(Erasmus) book, meant to convey sarcasm in mocking of the church.

“The Prince”

(Book) by Nicollo Machiavelli

4 different armies mentioned in the prince

• Native troops 

  • Troops from country

  • Most reliable/loyal as they are from the country

• Auxiliaries

  • Troops loaned from other countries

  • Considered unreliable as they are not loyal to the country.

• Mercenaries 

  • Hired troops

  • Could change sides for the right price, thus dangerous and untrustworthy

• Mixed troops

  • Combination Native, auxiliaries, and mercenary troops

  • Not preferred but still acceptable.

4 principles discussed in the prince

• Hereditary monarchs/Nepotism

  • Kingdom/Queendom passing from family lineage. 

• Mixed territories

  • Land occupied by different groups of people.

• Newer Countries

  • Newly formed countries

  • Underdeveloped

• Theocracies

  • Land ruled by the church (i.e Vatican City)

The prince main idea of the book

Aimed at whether a ruler should be loved or feared, however Machiavelli states that it is harder to be both, thus it is better to be feared than loved. Therefore Machiavelli took a REALIST view on politics; how to retain power and maintain order; effective rather than noble, thus he believed that we needed war, it was necessary. -

The 11 lessons from the prince

1. Be present

2. Be careful who you trust

3. Learn from the best

4. Be picky about who works for you

5. Read

6. Prepare for the worst

7. Don’t be cruel

8. Don’t steal

9. Appearances matter

10.  Some enemies are your friends

11.  Avoid flatterers

Cycles of goverment

1. Monarchy: a country ruled by a monarch( form of a government)  for example a king or queen rules a kingdom

2. Tyranny: a cruel, harsh and unfair government

3. Aristocracy: a form of government in which power is held by the nobility( high social class).

4. Oligarchy: a small group of people having control of a country

5. Democracy: a government where leaders are chosen by the people through an election system.

6. Ochlocracy: government by the mob ( a group of people normally causing trouble)

Republic

form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body.