PHTH 1001 - Exam 1 Study Guide

prefix

indicates a location, number, time, measurement, direction, or status

word root

stems of words

combining vowel

usually an “o”

suffix

modifies the meaning of the word to indicate a condition, procedure, disorder, or disease

when combining vowels ARE used

1. between a word root and a suffix when the suffix does not begin with a vowel

2. between two word roots, regardless if a vowel is already present

when combining vowels ARE NOT used

1. if the suffix already begins with a vowel

2. between a prefix and a word root

aden/o

gland

cyt/o

cell

epitheli/o

epithelium

fibr/o

fibrous (fiber)

hemat/o, hem/o

blood

hist/o

tissue

lip/o

fat

my/o

muscle

neur/o

nerve

organ/o

organ

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

system/o

system

viscer/o

internal organs

aut/o

self

bi/o

life

cancer/o, carcin/o

cancer (unregulated, abnormal growth of new cells)

eti/o

cause (of disease)

gno/o

knowledge

iatr/o

physician, medicine (treatment)

lei/o

smooth

necr/o

death (cells, body)

onc/o

tumor, mass

path/o

disease

rhabd/o

rod-shaped, striated

somat/o

body

vir/o

virus

cyan/o

blue

erythr/o

red

leuk/o

white

melan/o

black

xanth/o

yellow

dia-

through, complete

dys-

painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

hyper-

above, excessive

hypo-

below, incomplete, deficient, under

meta-

after, beyond, change

micro-

small

neo-

new

pro-

before

-al, -ic, -ous, -ior, -ar, -ary, -eal

pertaining to

-cyte

cell

-gen

substance or agent that produces or causes

-genic

producing, originating, causing

-logist

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)

-logy

study of

-megaly

enlargement

-oid

resembling

-oma

tumor, swelling

-opsy

view of, viewing

-osis

abnormal condition (increase when used with blood cell word roots)

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

-plasm

growth, substance, formation

-sarcoma

malignant tumor

-sis

state of

-stasis

control, stop, standing

anter/o

front

caud/o

tail (downward)

cephal/o

head (upward)

dist/o

away (from point of attachment of body part)

dors/i, dors/o

back

infer/o

below

later/o

side

medi/o

middle

poster/o

back, behind

proxim/o

near (point of attachment of body part)

super/o

above

ventr/o

belly (front)

bi-

two

uni-

one

-ad

toward

-gram

the record, radiographic image

-graph

instrument used to record, the record

-graphy

process of recording, radiographic imaging

cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o

skin

hidr/o

sweat

kerat/o

horny tissue (keratin), hard, cornea

onych/o, ungu/o

nail

seb/o

sebum (oil)

trich/o

hair

crypt/o

hidden

myc/o

fungus

pachy/o

thick

rhytid/o

wrinkles

scler/o

hard

staphyl/o

grape-like clusters

strept/o

twisted chains

xer/o

dry, dryness

epi-

on, upon, over

intra-, endo-

within

para-

beside, beyond, around, abnormal

per-

through

sub-

under, below

trans-

through, across, beyond