Population Density-a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area.It measures how crowded a place is. Arithmetic Density- The number of people found in a unit of land

of people/ sq. km

Physiological Density-The number of people supported by a unit of arable (farmable) land

of people/ unit of arable land

Agricultural Density: The number of farmers as related to the total arable land

farmers/ unit of arable land

Population Distribution-the pattern of human settlements–the spread of people across the earth.Highlights places that are crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty on a map. Carrying capacity-the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment Population Pyramid-A bar graph used to display demographic is specifically the percentage break down of age and sex corhorts Pyramid:Growing population Rectangle:Stable population Kite:Decreasing population Baby Boom-Birth rate spikes Echo Boom-Birth rate increase reflects earlier baby boom Total Fertility Rate(TFR)-The average number of children a woman will have in her child bearing years(~15-~49) Crude Birth Rate (CBR)-The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society Crude Death Rate (CDR)-The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society Infant Mortality Rate-The total number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age Rate of Natural Increase(NIR)-The percentage by which a population grows in a year (excluding migration) NIR=(CBR-CDR)/10 Can be referred to as RNI Demographic balancing equation- describe the future population of a region of any scale Future population=(current population+number of births)+(number of deaths)+(number of immigrants-number of emigrants) Population-Doubling Time-The time it takes for a population to double assuming a constant population growth Takes into account both the Net Natural Increase and the Net Migration for total population change 70 / % annual growth = Population-Doubling Time Migration-A permanent movement from one location to a different location national (internal) or global level (international) Net Migration-The difference between immigrants and emigrants Immigration-Migration to a new location If you coming in to a new country Emigration-Migration from an old location If you are leaving an old country Demographic Transition Model-Model that shows the 5 stages that a country moves through as they modernize Stage 1: High CBR and CDR; Low NRI Stage 2: High CBR and drastically lower CDR; Rapidly increasing NRI Stage 3: Lower but still high CBR and drastically low CDR; increasing NRI Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR; Low NRI Stage 5: Low CBR and increasing CDR; negative NRI Epidemiological Model-The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine Preindustrial- now treatable diseases have devastating results Stage 2: Receding Pandemics Post industrial- improved sanitation, food, and medicine allow people to live longer healthier lives Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases Diseases of old age and poor lifestyle choices appear (cancer and heart disease) Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases Medicine can now treat many of the degenerative diseases Stage 5: Reemerging Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Diseases from stage 1 reemerge as a result of mutation and vaccination resistance Malthusian Theory-the world’s population growth will outpace our ability to produce enough food to sustain us all. Preventative Checks: Voluntary action to avoid adding to population growth Abstinence, limiting number of children, waiting until older age to start family Positive checks: Things that shorten the lifespan War, famine, disease Creates a Malthusian Catastrophe/Crisis: Forced return of a population to basic survival Neo-Malthusian-Support/believe in the Malthusian Theory Supports: Cyclical Deterioration Farms-babies-food-farms…. Resource Depletion World population outnumbers the availability of many resources Critique: Expanding resources We can use other resources that can substitute for limited resources Economic growth As more people are born there is a greater chance of economic booms and individuals to make lasting scientific breakthrough Inequality There are plenty of resources globally, it comes down to if individuals have equal access to obtaining food. Boserup theory-the greater pressures placed on the environment forces innovation and growth Pronatalist-Women are encouraged to have children to bolster/increase the population of a country Antinatalist-Women are discouraged from having children to decrease the rate of increase and combat overpopulation Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration-The tendencies, patterns, and demographics that form the basis of migration theory Short distances: Most migrants travel short distances Urban areas: Most migrants settle in urban areas based on the assumption that there are more opportunities to be had in large urban areas Multiple steps: Most migrants practice step migration as they try to reach their final destination Rural to Urban: Most migrants are moving to urban areas Counter migration: Any large migration is going to trigger another migration in the opposite direction, even if it is not of the same intensity Youth: Most migrants are younger adults typically age 20-45 Gender Patterns: Most international migrants are males while most internal migrants are women Dependency Ratio-The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number people active in the labor force High ratio-indicates the strains put on a society If there is a high youth dependency they will eventually pay back into the system, but are not currently contributing If there is a high elderly dependency they have already paid into the system an are now being paid out Push Factor-Something that induces a person/people to move from their present location(negative) Pull factor-Something that induces a person/people to move to a new location(positive) Intervening Opportunity-Opportunities that prevent a migrant from starting or continuing their migration (understood to be positive) Intervening Obstacle-Obstacles that prevent a migrant from starting or continuing their migration (understood to be negative) Forced Migration-The migrant has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors Refugee-someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution Asylum seeker: someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee Internally Displaced Person: Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border Voluntary Migration-The migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, sometimes for environmental Step migration: gradual migration slowly building as a migrant moves from their original location to their goal destination Transhumance: the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. Chain migration: Process of movement from immigrants’ homelands that builds upon networks of familiar social relationships to construct neighborhood or communities within in the new places of habitation that reflect the cultural norms and societal expectations of the homelands Transnational Migration-when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally Internal Migration-movement that occurs within a country Guest Worker-migrants who relocate to a new country to provide to labor that isn’t available locally Brain Drain-When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people Remittances-money sent to their family and friends in the country they left Family reunification- policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country