Unit 2 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY VOCAB

Population Density-a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area.It measures how crowded a place is.
Arithmetic Density- The number of people found in a unit of land

of people/ sq. km

Physiological Density-The number of people supported by a unit of arable (farmable) land

of people/ unit of arable land

Agricultural Density: The number of farmers as related to the total arable land

farmers/ unit of arable land

Population Distribution-the pattern of human settlements–the spread of people across the earth.Highlights places that are crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty on a map.
Carrying capacity-the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
Population Pyramid-A bar graph used to display demographic is specifically the percentage break down of age and sex corhorts
Pyramid:Growing population
Rectangle:Stable population
Kite:Decreasing population
Baby Boom-Birth rate spikes
Echo Boom-Birth rate increase reflects earlier baby boom
Total Fertility Rate(TFR)-The average number of children a woman will have in her child bearing years(~15-~49)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)-The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)-The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Infant Mortality Rate-The total number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age
Rate of Natural Increase(NIR)-The percentage by which a population grows in a year (excluding migration)
NIR=(CBR-CDR)/10
Can be referred to as RNI
Demographic balancing equation- describe the future population of a region of any scale
Future population=(current population+number of births)+(number of deaths)+(number of immigrants-number of emigrants)
Population-Doubling Time-The time it takes for a population to double assuming a constant population growth
Takes into account both the Net Natural Increase and the Net Migration for total population change
70 / % annual growth = Population-Doubling Time
Migration-A permanent movement from one location to a different location
national (internal) or global level (international)
Net Migration-The difference between immigrants and emigrants
Immigration-Migration to a new location
If you coming in to a new country
Emigration-Migration from an old location
If you are leaving an old country
Demographic Transition Model-Model that shows the 5 stages that a country moves through as they modernize
Stage 1: High CBR and CDR; Low NRI
Stage 2: High CBR and drastically lower CDR; Rapidly increasing NRI
Stage 3: Lower but still high CBR and drastically low CDR; increasing NRI
Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR; Low NRI
Stage 5: Low CBR and increasing CDR; negative NRI
Epidemiological Model-The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine
Preindustrial- now treatable diseases have devastating results
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
Post industrial- improved sanitation, food, and medicine allow people to live longer healthier lives
Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases
Diseases of old age and poor lifestyle choices appear (cancer and heart disease)
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Medicine can now treat many of the degenerative diseases
Stage 5: Reemerging Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Diseases from stage 1 reemerge as a result of mutation and vaccination resistance
Malthusian Theory-the world’s population growth will outpace our ability to produce enough food to sustain us all.
Preventative Checks: Voluntary action to avoid adding to population growth
Abstinence, limiting number of children, waiting until older age to start family
Positive checks: Things that shorten the lifespan
War, famine, disease
Creates a Malthusian Catastrophe/Crisis:
Forced return of a population to basic survival
Neo-Malthusian-Support/believe in the Malthusian Theory
Supports:
Cyclical Deterioration
Farms-babies-food-farms….
Resource Depletion
World population outnumbers the availability of many resources
Critique:
Expanding resources
We can use other resources that can substitute for limited resources
Economic growth
As more people are born there is a greater chance of economic booms and individuals to make lasting scientific breakthrough
Inequality
There are plenty of resources globally, it comes down to if individuals have equal access to obtaining food.
Boserup theory-the greater pressures placed on the environment forces innovation and growth
Pronatalist-Women are encouraged to have children to bolster/increase the population of a country
Antinatalist-Women are discouraged from having children to decrease the rate of increase and combat overpopulation
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration-The tendencies, patterns, and demographics that form the basis of migration theory
Short distances: Most migrants travel short distances
Urban areas: Most migrants settle in urban areas based on the assumption that there are more opportunities to be had in large urban areas
Multiple steps: Most migrants practice step migration as they try to reach their final destination
Rural to Urban: Most migrants are moving to urban areas
Counter migration: Any large migration is going to trigger another migration in the opposite direction, even if it is not of the same intensity
Youth: Most migrants are younger adults typically age 20-45
Gender Patterns: Most international migrants are males while most internal migrants are women
Dependency Ratio-The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number people active in the labor force
High ratio-indicates the strains put on a society
If there is a high youth dependency they will eventually pay back into the system, but are not currently contributing
If there is a high elderly dependency they have already paid into the system an are now being paid out
Push Factor-Something that induces a person/people to move from their present location(negative)
Pull factor-Something that induces a person/people to move to a new location(positive)
Intervening Opportunity-Opportunities that prevent a migrant from starting or continuing their migration (understood to be positive)
Intervening Obstacle-Obstacles that prevent a migrant from starting or continuing their migration (understood to be negative)
Forced Migration-The migrant has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors
Refugee-someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
Asylum seeker: someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Internally Displaced Person: Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated
across an international border
Voluntary Migration-The migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, sometimes for environmental
Step migration: gradual migration slowly building as a migrant moves from their original location to their goal destination
Transhumance: the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer.
Chain migration: Process of movement from immigrants’ homelands that builds upon networks of familiar social relationships to construct neighborhood or communities within in the new places of habitation that reflect the cultural norms and societal expectations of the homelands
Transnational Migration-when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally
Internal Migration-movement that occurs within a country
Guest Worker-migrants who relocate to a new country to provide to labor that isn’t available locally
Brain Drain-When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
Remittances-money sent to their family and friends in the country they left
Family reunification- policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country