Medieval Times Study Guide

Social Studies on 4/10 or 4/11

How did Constantine lead to the fall of Rome?

He split the empire into two parts: the western half centered in Rome and the eastern half centered in Constantinople.

How did barbarian invasions lead to the fall of Rome?

As a result of the barbarian invasions the empire abandoned one of its long-standing frontiers and was forced to allow different barbarian groups into the political landscape of the empire.

How did the size of the empire lead to the fall of Rome?

The empire grew to big to manage and protect from invasions.

How did the Crisis of the 3rd Century lead to the fall of Rome?

Multiple civil wars, constant threat of barbarian invasions, and economic instability during the third century crisis lead to the fall of Rome.

How did economic problems lead to the fall of Rome? (lower populations, less productive farmland)

Large taxation and inflation had widened the gap between the rich and poor. The decline in farming forced many into the Roman cities, which weren't designed for such massive populations.

Definition of the Medieval Pope

Claimed both spiritual authority and worldly powers, competing with emperors for supremacy, ruling over the Papal States, and ruling over the norms of Christian society. The medieval pope also influenced people to go on crusade.

Definition of a Bishop

Bishops were powerful individuals who had considerable spiritual, economic, and political power.

Definition of a Priests

Priests cared for the spiritual life of people and administered sacraments.

Definition of a Monk

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Monks lived in the monasteries. They were very religious, lived simple lives and followed certain rules to discipline themselves.

Definition of a Feudalism Power System

At the top of the hierarchy in the feudal system was a king, who traditionally owned all land and granted it directly to noblemen, known as lords, who held hereditary rights to it.

Definition of a King

The male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth. In a feudal society the King owned the land.

Definition of a Lord

In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. A Lord controlled the land.

Definition of a Knight

Often, a knight was a vassal who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The knight protected the land.

Definition of a Serf

A person in a condition of feudal servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another. The serf worked/farmed the land.

Why did the Byzantine empire want the crusades?

The byzantine empire wanted to help Pope Urban ll go up against the Muslims, the Byzantine empire was in severe decline, and it saw the crusades as a trading opportunity.

Why did the Catholic Church want the Crusade?

The pope wanted to show his power, gain back the Holy Land, help unite the Mediterranean under Christianity, and he wanted to stop the hurassment of Christians pilgrimaging to Jerusaleam.

Why did the Crusaders want to fight on Crusade?

The pope promised that if you died on Crusade all your sins would be forgiven and you would go to heaven. A serf saw it as an opportunity to seek out a better life, while others seeked adventure.

Who was Pope Urban ll?

Pope Urban II, otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which ignited the series of Christian conquests known as the Crusades. 

Who was Saladin?

He was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant.

Who was Richard l?

With Philip II of France he co-led the successful Third Crusade: he conquered Cyprus, marched to within sight of Jerusalem and secured the existence of the Crusader States.

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

Faith

Prayer

Fasting

Sharing

Pilgrimage

What does the pillar of Faith mean?

“There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet.” There is only one God.

What does the pillar of Prayer mean?

You shall prayer 5 times a day facing in the direction of Mecca.

What does the pillar of Fasting mean?

No food or water for the month of Ramadan from sunrise to sunset.

What does the pillar of Sharing mean?

You give a percent of your wealth to the poor.

What does the pillar of Pilgrimage mean?

You should do Hijj (a pilgrimage to Mecca during Ramadan) once in your life.

What does the word Allah mean?

It is the Muslim word for their one and only God.

What does the word Mosque mean?

It is the Islamic place of worship.

Who was Muhammad?

The Muslims believe he is the chosen recipient and messenger of the word of God through the divine revelations, and was a prophet.

What does the word Koran mean?

The Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad.

What is Ramadan?

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting, prayer, reflection, and community.

What changed after the crusades in the Holy Land?

The Crusades elevated the position of Jerusalem in the hierarchy of places holy to Islam, but it did not become a spiritual or political center of Islam, as well as…

* The Crusaders established feudal states in the region.
* The Muslim world became more unified against Western aggression.
* Trade between Europe and the Middle East increased.
* The Christian and Muslim communities became more polarized.
* The Holy Land remained a site of conflict for centuries to come.

How did the crusades change Europe?

They had a profound impact on Europe, leading to increased trade, cultural exchange, and the rise of powerful monarchs. The Crusades also sparked a renewed interest in learning, which helped pave the way for the Renaissance. However, they also led to violence, persecution, and the spread of disease. Overall, the Crusades were a complex and far-reaching event that shaped the course of European history.

What was the 1st crusade?

\-A 3 year long war (1096-1099)

\-12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders reached Jerusalem

\-Siege of Jerusalem: Lasts one week and 20,000 Muslims are killed

Outcome: Christians win

What was the 2nd crusade?

\-1147 the Germans set out on Easter for war

\-The French set out 7 weeks later

Event: The Second Crusade
Definition: A military campaign launched by European Christians in 1147 to recapture the city of Edessa in the Holy Land from Muslim forces. It ended in failure and marked a turning point in Christian-Muslim relations.

Outcome: Muslims win

What was the 3rd crusade?

\-Saladin(arab leader of the 3rd crusade) v.s. Richard l (Richard the lion heart):

The 3rd Crusade was a military campaign launched by European Christians to retake Jerusalem from Muslim forces in the late 12th century. Led by King Richard I of England, Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire, and King Philip II of France, the crusaders achieved some victories but ultimately failed to recapture the city. The campaign lasted from 1189 to 1192 CE.

Outcome: The Muslims and Christians tie/ make a treaty

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What was the 4th crusade?

The 4th Crusade was a military campaign in the 13th century. It was intended to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim forces but instead resulted in the sacking of Constantinople, a Christian city. The crusaders were diverted from their original goal due to political and economic interests.

Outcome: Muslims win

What was the Children’s Crusade?

A failed crusade in 1212 led by children and young adults to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims. Many died on the journey or were sold into slavery.