AP bio unit 2

what is a cell?

the basic structural and functional unit of every organism

what are all cells bound by?

A plasma membrane

what 3 things do all cells contain?

a cytosol/cytoplasm, chromosomes, and ribosomes

name both types of cells

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Name all qualities of prokaryotes

domains bacteria and archaea, the DNA is in the nuclei region, and they are generally smaller than eukaryotes.

name all qualities of eukaryotes

some examples are protists, fungi, animals and plants. DNA is in the nucleus, and contain membrane bound organelles,

what are organelles? name both classifications.

membrane bond structures in eukaryotes. Endomembrane organelles and energy organelles.

name all parts of endomembrane organelles

1. Nuclear envelope

2. Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Golgi complex

4. Lysosomes

5. Vesicles/vacuoles

6. Plasma membrane (NEGLVP)

name all parts of energy organelles

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what does compartmentalization allow for?

Compartmentalization in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations

what does compartmentalization increase for reactions to occur?

surface area

what does compartmentalization prevent?

interfering reactions from occuring in the same location

name the unique cell components of plants

• Chloroplasts

• Central vacuole

• Cell wall

• Plasmodesmata

name the unique cell components in animals 

• Lysosomes

• Centrosomes

• Flagella

where are chromosomes located and what do they do?

the nucleus, store genetic information

what encloses the nucleus?

the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane

are there pores in the nucleus? If so, what do they do?

yes, they regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

what is the nucleolus?

a dense region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

what does rRNA combine with and what does it form?

rRna combines with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes

where do subunits exit

nuclear pores

what does ribosome translate?

messages found on Rna into the primary structure of polypeptides

what are ribosomes

tiny complexes that make proteins according to the genes

what are all cells bounded by

a plasma membrane

what is cytosol?

a jelly like fluid inside all cells in which sub cellular components are suspended

what do chromosomes do? Do all cells carry them?

chromosomes carry genes in the form of DNA, and yes

what is the nucleus bounded by in a eukaryotic cell?

a double membrane 

is the nucleotide on a prokaryotic cell membrane enclosed?

no

what are organelles?

extensive elaborately, arranged, internal membranes that divide the cell into  compartments 

what do cell compartments do?

Cells compartments provide different local environments that support specific metabolic functions  so incompatible functions can occur simultaneously in a single cell 

what do plasma membranes and organelle membranes directly participate in and why?

cell metabolism because many enzymes are built into the membranes

What are ribosomes comprised of 

RNA and proteins 

What do ribosomes do?

They synthesize proteins.

What 2 locations can ribosomes be found in?

The cytosol, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Where do proteins produced in the cytosol generally only function?

Within the cytosol

What are ribosomes in the cytosol known as?

Free ribosomes

What can happen to proteins produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope? 

They can be secreted (released) from the cell

Where do proteins bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope leave?

Through the nuclear pores

What is the endoplasmic reticulum composed of?

A network of membranous sacs and tubes

What functions does the endoplasmic reticulum have?

Synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of the free ribosomes.

Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulums and smooth endoplasmic reticulums

What does the rough ER do? What does it contain that makes it rough?

Makes and folds proteins, contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane that make it rough 

What makes the smooth ER smooth? What does it do?

Lack of ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates and detoxifies the cell

What does the Golgi complex contain? Name its properties.

Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. They are separate sacs from the cytosol. Each cisternae is not connected. They have directionality.

What does cis mean? What does the Cis face do?

Cis means same, receives vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum.

What does trans mean? What does Trans face do?

Means opposite, sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

Name all functions of the Golgi complex.

it receives and transports vesicles with materials from the endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies the materials, it sorts the materials, it adds molecular tags and it packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis.