AP bio unit 2

AP Bio unit 2 flashcards

what is a cell?

the basic structural and functional unit of every organism

what are all cells bound by?

A plasma membrane

what 3 things do all cells contain?

a cytosol/cytoplasm, chromosomes, and ribosomes

name both types of cells

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Name all qualities of prokaryotes

domains bacteria and archaea, the DNA is in the nuclei region, and they are generally smaller than eukaryotes.

name all qualities of eukaryotes

some examples are protists, fungi, animals and plants. They have a nucleus, DNA is in the nucleus (which is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope), and contain membrane bound organelles.

what are organelles? name both classifications.

membrane bound structures in eukaryotes. Endomembrane organelles and energy organelles.

name all parts of endomembrane organelles

1. Nuclear envelope

2. Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Golgi complex

4. Lysosomes

5. Vesicles/vacuoles

6. Plasma membrane (NEGLVP)

name all parts of energy organelles

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what does compartmentalization allow for?

Compartmentalization in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations

what does compartmentalization increase for reactions to occur?

surface area

what does compartmentalization prevent?

interfering reactions from occuring in the same location

name the unique cell components of plants

• Chloroplasts

• Central vacuole

• Cell wall

• Plasmodesmata

name the unique cell components in animals 

• Lysosomes

• Centrosomes

• Flagella

where are chromosomes located and what do they do?

the nucleus, store genetic information

what encloses the nucleus?

the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane

are there pores in the nucleus? If so, what do they do?

yes, they regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

what is the nucleolus?

a dense region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

what does rRNA combine with and what does it form?

rRna combines with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes

where do subunits exit

nuclear pores

what does ribosome translate?

messages found on Rna into the primary structure of polypeptides

what are ribosomes

tiny complexes that make proteins according to the genes

what are all cells bounded by

a plasma membrane

what is cytosol?

a jelly like fluid inside all cells in which sub cellular components are suspended

what do chromosomes do? Do all cells carry them?

chromosomes carry genes in the form of DNA, and yes

what is the nucleus bounded by in a eukaryotic cell?

a double membrane 

is the nuclei on a prokaryotic cell membrane enclosed?

no

what are organelles?

extensive elaborately, arranged, structures in eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into  compartments 

what do cell compartments do?

Cells compartments provide different local environments that support specific metabolic functions  so incompatible functions can occur simultaneously in a single cell 

what do plasma membranes and organelle membranes directly participate in and why?

cell metabolism because many enzymes are built into the membranes

What are ribosomes comprised of 

rRNA and proteins 

What do ribosomes do?

They synthesize proteins.

What 3 locations can ribosomes be found in?

The cytosol, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Where do proteins produced in the cytosol generally only function?

Within the cytosol

What are ribosomes in the cytosol known as?

Free ribosomes

What can happen to proteins produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope? 

They can be secreted (released) from the cell

Where do proteins bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope leave?

Through the nuclear pores

What is the endoplasmic reticulum composed of?

A network of membranous sacs and tubes

What functions does the endoplasmic reticulum have?

Synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of the free ribosomes.

Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulums and smooth endoplasmic reticulums

What does the rough ER do? What does it contain that makes it rough?

Makes and folds proteins, contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane that make it rough 

What makes the smooth ER smooth? What does it do?

Lack of ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates and detoxifies the cell. Also synthesizes membranes

What does the Golgi complex contain? Name its properties.

Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. They are separate sacs from the cytosol. Each cisternae is not connected. They have directionality.

What does cis mean? What does the Cis face do?

Cis means same, receives vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum.

What does trans mean? What does Trans face do?

Means opposite, sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

Name all functions of the Golgi complex.

it receives and transports vesicles with materials from the endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies the materials, it sorts the materials, it adds molecular tags and it packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis.

What are lysosomes

Membrane sac with hydrolytic enzymes

What do lysosomes do?

Hydrolyze macromolecules in animal cells and recycle their own cells organic materials, allowing the cell to renew itself through autophagy

What are peroxisomes similar to?

Lysosomes

What kind of compartments do peroxisomes have

Membrane bound metabolic compartments

Peroxisomes catalyze what types of reactions?

Reactions that produce H2O2

What do enzymes in peroxisomes breakdown after catalyzing a certain reaction?

Enzymes in peroxisome then breakdown H2O2 to water and O2

What are vacuoles?

Large vesicles that stem from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi

What are vacuoles selective in?

Transport

How do food vacuoles form? What are they then digested by?

Food vacuoles form via phagocytosis (cell eating), and then are digested by lysosomes

What does the contractile vacuole maintain

Water levels in cells

What types of organisms are central vacuoles found in?

Plants

What do central vacuoles contain?

Inorganic ions and water

What are central vacuoles important for?

Turgor pressure

what does the endosymbiont theory explain?

the similarities that mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote

what does the endosymbiont theory state?

that an early eukaryote cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell

in the endosymbiont theory, what did the prokaryotic cell become?

an endosymbiont (cell that lives in another cell) and became one functional organism

what is the evidence that proves that prokaryotic cells became one functional organism?

• Double membrane

• Ribosomes

• Circular DNA

• Capable of functioning on their own

what is the mitochondria the site of? 

cellular respiration

name the structural qualities of the mitochondria 

• Structure of the double membrane

• Outer membrane is smooth

• Inner membrane has folds called cristae

what divides the mitochondria into 2 internal compartments? what increases its surface area?

the outer membrane, inner membrane and cristae divide the mitochondria, and the cristae increases its surface area. 

what is the intermembrane? 

the space between the inner and outer membrane

what is the mitochondrial matrix enclosed by?

the inner membrane

what series of biochemical reactions occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

the Krebs cycle

what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

Enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

what does the number of mitochondria in a cell correlate with?

Metabolic activity

what do cells with high metabolic activity have more of? what is an example of this?

cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria, cells that move/contract

what are chloroplasts?

specialized organisms in photosynthetic organisms

what are chloroplasts the site of?

photosynthesis

what pigment does the chloroplast contain?

the green pigment chlorophyll

where are thylakoids located? what are they and what can they do?

thylakoids are located in the double membrane of the chloroplasts, they are membranous sacs that organize into stacks called grana

Where do light dependent actions occur?

In the grana 

what is the stroma?

the liquid around thylakoids

what cycle occurs in the stroma?

the Calvin cycle

what does the stroma contain?

chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and enzymes

what is the cytoskeleton? what does it do?

it is a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm. gives structural support (especially for animal cells) and mechanical support, made of anchor organelles

what does the cytoskeleton allow for? when does movement occur?

the cytoskeleton allows for movement of vesicles and organelles and/or the whole cell, movement occurs when the cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins

what 3 types of fibers are in the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubules

2. Microfilaments

3. Intermediate filaments

what are microtubules? where do they grow from?

hollow, rod like structures made of protein tubulin, grow from the centrosome

what does the centrosome assist in?

microtubule assembly

What are the functions of microtubules?

they serve as structural support (like tracks for the movements of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins), they assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division, and assist in cell motility

what are microfilaments?

thin, solid rods made of the protein actin

what are the functions of actin? 

they maintain cell shape, bear tension, assist in muscle contraction and cell motility, division of animal cells, contractile ring of the cleavage furrow, works with myosin (a protein) to cause a contraction

what are intermediate filaments?

fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits, permanent structural elements of cells

what are the functions of intermediate filaments?

maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles, form the nuclear lamina, line the nuclear envelope

What does cellular metabolism depend on?

Cell size

What must leave in a cell?

Cellular waste

What does the cell dissipate?

Thermal energy

What must enter the cell?

Nutrients and other resources/chemical materials

What happens when the cell reaches a certain size?

It begins to be too difficult for a cell to regulate what comes in and what goes out of the plasma membrane

Small cells have a _________ SA/V ratio

Higher

Large cells have a __________ SA/V ratio

lower

What does SA/V optimize in the cell?

Exchange of materials at the plasma membrane

What do larger cells lose

Efficiency exchanging materials

What happens to cellular demand for resources in larger cells?

It increases