biol 65. ch 9 - joints

Joint (articulation)

point where 2 bones meet

arthrology

study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

biomechanics

study of movements and mechanics in body

kinesiology

study of musculoskeletal movement

synostosis joints

- bony joint

- immovable

- 2 bones ossified together

- fusion of what was originally fibrous or cartilaginous joint

- occurs in infancy through old age

- ex: 1st rib to sternum

synarthrosis / synarthrodial joints

- collagen fibers bind adjacent bones

- little to no movement

- 3 types: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

sutures

- synarthrodial joint

- immoble or slightly movable joints of skull bones

- 3 classes: serrate, lap (squamous), plane (butt)

serrate suture

suture (a type of synarthrodial joint) with interlocked wavy lines

lap (squamous)

suture (a type of synarthrodial joint) with overlapping (like a diagonal line)

plane (butt)

suture (a type of synarthrodial joint) that is straight, nonoverlapped

gomphoses

- synarthrodial joint

- tooth to socket

- held in place by periodontal ligaments

- slight movement under stress of chewing

syndesmoses

- synarthrodial joint

- long collagen fibers bind 2 bones

- ex: ulna-radius and tibia-fibula

amphiarthrosis / ampiarthrodial joints

- cartilaginous joints

- 2 types: syncondroses, symphyses

synchondroses

- amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joint

- hyaline (costal) cartilage

- epiphyseal plate

symphyses

- amphiartrodial (cartilaginous) joint

- fibrocartilage

- pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

diarthrosis / diarthrodial joints

- synovial joints

- varied mobility: freely movable to limited mobility

- most structurally complex

- most likely to develop dysfunctions

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

joint capsule

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. includes outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane

inner synovial membrane

part of the joint capsule of synovial joints, produces synovial fluid, lubricant resembling raw egg whites

tendons

connect muscle to bone

ligaments

connect bone to bone

bursa

sac of synovial fluid btwn adjacent muscles, bone, and skin, or tendons passing over bone. elongated bursa = tendon sheath

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

classes of synovial joints

ball-and-socket, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, plane (gliding), hinge, pivot

flexion

decreases joint angle

extension

straightens joint angle

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

lateral multipart ligament

- posterior talofibular

- calcaneofibular

- anterior talofibular

ankle joint

- talocrural joint

- anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

- medial multipart (deltoid) ligament

- lateral multipart ligament (3): posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, anterior talofibular

- calcaneal (achilles) tendon

knee joint

- femorotibial joint

- hinge joint

- lateral and medial menisci for padding

-4 ligaments: fibular collateral and tibial collateral, anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate

acetabular labrum

fibrocartilage that deepens hip socket

hip joint

- 4 ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, round

- coxal joint

- acetabular labrum

- round ligament attaches to fovea capitis

anular ligament

stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint in the elbow

elbow joint

- hinge and pivot joint

- stabilized by radial collateral and ulnar collateral ligaments

humeroulnar and humeroradial

2 articulations of the elbow joint

glenoid labrum

ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket in the glenoid cavity

shoulder joint

- glenohumeral joint

- glenoid labrum

- 4 ligaments: acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular, coracohumeral

temoromandibular joint

- mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

- lateral ligament