Bio 201: Cell Cycle and Plant Reproduction Concepts

Pollen Grain

Contains two cells: tube cell and generative cell.

Tube Cell

Develops into a pollen tube for sperm delivery.

Generative Cell

Divides to form two sperm cells during pollen development.

Cell Cycle

Series of phases for cell growth and division.

Interphase

Cell prepares for division; includes G1, S, G2 phases.

M Phase

Phase where mitosis and cytokinesis occur.

G1 Phase

Cell grows and performs normal functions.

G0 Phase

Inactive phase where cells do not divide.

Mitosis

Process of nuclear division resulting in two identical cells.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus forms.

Telophase

Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes.

Checkpoint Proteins

Regulate progression through the cell cycle.

Neurogenesis

Formation of new neurons under specific conditions.

DNA Damage Response

Neurons reactivate cell cycle due to DNA damage.

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes with the same genes but possibly different alleles.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.

Hexaploid

Organism with six homologous copies of each chromosome.

Diploid

Cell with two complete sets of chromosomes.

Meiosis I Product

Results in two haploid cells, not identical.

Independent Assortment

Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Sperm Cell Mutation

Percentage of mutated sperm cells depends on allele segregation.

Mitosis Location

Occurs in the generative cell during pollen development.

Meiosis Location

Occurs in the anthers of flowering plants.

Bulge in DNA

Caused by incorrect nucleotide incorporation during replication.

Cell Cycle Machinery

Components necessary for cell cycle activation and regulation.

Mitosis Steps

Include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Chromosome Identification

Chromosome pairs from different individuals may differ in genes.