AP Huamn Unit 4 Vocab

State

is the largest political unit, the formal term for a country. To be defined as a state, several criteria must be met:

• has a defined boundary

• contains a permanent population

• maintains sovereignty ( defined below) over its domestic and international

affairs

• is recognized by other states

Nation

is a group of people who have certain things in common:

• a common cultural heritage

• a set of beliefs and values that unify them

• a traditional claim to a particular space as their homeland

• a desire to establish their own state or express self-rule in another way

National-State

A nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state form a … Among the best examples of … are Iceland and Japan. Icelanders make up 94 percent of its total population of 360,000. Scandinavian settlers founded Iceland on an island that had no indigenous population. Japanese account for 99 percent of the total population of its 128 million permanent residents. A strong national identity coupled with strict immigration policies have maintained Japan as a …

Multinational State

is a country that contains more than one nation. Most countries in the world today are multinational states that consist of one dominant nation and other smaller ones. The dominant nation controls most of the political power, but the smaller ones can have a significant impact.

Autonomous Region

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state is sometimes known as an … States often grant this authority to geographically, ethnically, or culturally distinct areas.

Semiautonomous Region

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule, is a … Straddling the Four Corners region of the United States (where the borders of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico meet) is one of the largest American Indian nations, the Navajo.

Stateless Nation

The Navajo are an example of a … a cultural group that has no independent political entity. Since the world includes more nations than states, many … exist. Two that have sought to become independent states in recent decades are the Palestinians who live primarily in the Israeli-controlled territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and the Basques who live near the Spanish-French border. The largest … belongs to the Kurds.

Multi State Nation

occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states. For example, most Hungarians live in Hungary, but many live in the Transylvania region of Romania. The Korean nation is divided primarily between two states-the Democratic People's Republic of Korea-North Korea-and the Republic of Korea-South Korea-but with large numbers in China and the United States.

Sovereignty

The power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs is known as

Berlin Conference

sometimes known as the Congo Conference, used these claims to form state boundaries in Africa. These boundaries showed little regard to the existing ethno-linguistic, cultural, and political boundaries. As a result, one colony might include a patchwork of rival cultural groups, and another cultural group might be divided among multiple colonies.

Self-determination

the right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence.

Decolonization

the undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory.

Devolution

This process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit is known as

Territoriality

or a willingness by a person or a group of people to defend space they claim. People express their … when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space.

Neocolonialism

In this system, economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries. For example, transnational corporations based in European countries continued to control the extraction of natural resources through mining and the export of coffee, cacao, bananas, and other crops on plantations in developing countries.

Shatterbelts

Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power. Also can be created thru variety of ethnicities, religions, and languages=centrifugal forces (also relative location is involved). Ex: Germany during the Cold War/Balkan Peninsula-Former Yugoslavia (formally apart of the Ottoman Empire)/Iron Curtain

Balkanization

The process where a region or country breaks into smaller, often hostile, states due to ethnic, cultural, or political differences. Ex: Yugoslavia breaking into several independent o untried in the 1990s.

Choke Point

is a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction. Land-based … can be natural valleys or bridges. However, the most vital … in the world today are predominantly water-based, such as straits and canals. Around 90 percent, or $8 trillion annually, of all global goods are transported by sea.

Antecedent

This type of boundary preceded the development of the cultural landscape. For boundaries, significant physical obstacles-such as oceans or mountains-possess a static aspect in that they feature a relatively unpopulated zone between populated areas. They also possess a kinetic aspect in that they hinder connections and interactions between people in adjacent regions. An example includes the straight-line boundaries for states across the western frontier of the emerging United States.

Subsequent

This boundary is typically created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time. These boundaries are characteristically ethnographic in nature, meaning they are usually related to cultural phenomena.

Consequent

A type of subsequent border that takes into account already-existing cultural or physical landscapes is a

Superimposed

This type of boundary is drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns. These boundaries often lack conformity to natural features and, therefore, were superimposed on the landscape. Between 1884 and 1885, the Berlin Conference paved the way for colonization of Africa or what Europeans regarded as "effective occupation" of the continent.

Geometric

is a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature. Historically, many boundaries have fallen upon lines of latitude or longitude, and since the surface of the earth is rounded, extended boundaries may more accurately form arcs. The majority of the boundary between the United States and Canada follows along the 49th parallel (latitude).

Relic

This is a boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape.

Defined

is established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another (invisible line). The entity could range from a country-in which points of latitude and longitude are specified-to a single plot of real estate-in which points in the landscape are described.

Delimited

is drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space.

Demarcated

is one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape. The demarcation may be as simple as a sign or as complex as a set of fences and walls.

Administered

How a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross are important aspects of an

Definitional Boundary Dispute

occurs when two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary.

Locational Boundary Dispute

Boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited (mapped), or demarcated are known as

Operational Boundary Dispute

centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions.

Allocational Boundary Dispute

When a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries, it is referred to as an

United Nations Conservation on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Between 1973 and 1982, the … was signed by more than150 countries. It defined:

1. Territorial sea: This area extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged. A nautical mile is equal to 1.15 land-measured miles.

2. Exclusive economic zone (EEZ): Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles.

Territorial sea

This area extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged. A nautical mile is equal to 1.15 land-measured miles.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles.

Census

a count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people.

Reappointment

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population.

Electoral College

A system where voters choose electors, and those electors formally elect the president based on state results. Example: In the U.S., each state’s electors vote for president, not the citizens directly.

Voting District

Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions are called

Gerrymandering

is the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power.

Packing

Combining like minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts.

Cracking

Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority.

Representative Districts

Geographic areas with roughly equal populations that elect officials to represent the people living in that area. Example: U.S. congressional districts, each represented by one member of the House.

Federal

A system where power is shared between a national government and regional governments. Example: United States (power is shared between federal and state governments).

Unitary

A system where most of the power is held by the central government, with little authority given to local governments. Example: France (strong central government).

Ethnic separatism

is the advocacy of full political separation (or secession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines.

Ethnic cleansing

as "a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror- inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas:' Coercive tactics that have been used in ethnic cleansing include destruction of property, attacks on civilians, arbitrary arrest, rape, torture, and murder.

Terrorism

is organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals. It is most commonly used by non-governmental groups that do not have an army.

Irredentism

is a movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary. One example of irredentism comes from the Caucasus Mountains region. Under the Soviet Union, Nagorno-Karabakh was an Armenian-majority region within Azerbaijan.

Supranational Organization

The practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benenfit of all members is

United Nations (UN)

193: most countries in the world, and 2 non-member observer states. To promote peace, security and human rights. Headquarters is in New York City, USA.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

30: United Sates, Canada, Iceland, most Western and central European countries, and Turkey. To provide mutual defense of member states. Headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium.

European Union (EU)

In the years following World War II, European leaders hoped to create stronger economic and cultural ties that would bring peace to a region ravaged by war for centuries. European countries began to eliminate national barriers to trade and travel on the continent. They reduced tariffs (taxes on trade), established a common set of regulations on products to replace individual national regulations, and coordinated labor policies. The two major steps to overcome nationalism were the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993 and establishment of a common currency (the Euro) in 1999.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Seeking mutually beneficial trade agreements has fostered economic growth and peace for member states of ASEAN. For example, the nations of ASEAN had rapidly growing economies-well ahead of regional powerhouses such as Japan, South Korea, India, and Australia.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

One of the largest and most influential supranational organizations is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The goal of the WTO is to have countries agree to a set of fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade. A secondary goal of the WTO is to ensure that trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictibly.

Organization of Petroleum Exploring Countries (OPEC)

focuses on the production of oil, or petroleum. Its mission is to coordinate and unify its members' petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets. Membership spans three continents, including countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Indonesia, Venezuela, Nigeria, and Iran. Ensuring a steady income for its members influences the quantity of oil supplied to the global market. Sometimes conflicts arise between the members. For example, one country may want to curtail production in order to drive prices up, while another member may want to increase production to generate more jobs.

Regionalism

is when loyalty to a distinct portion of a country is more important than loyalty to the entire country.

Ethnonationalism

is support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group within a state, especially its national independence or self-determination. For example, fragmentation within Syria and Iraq gave rise to Kurdish independence movements in those countries.