Child Development: Chapters 8-10

Nightmares:

dreaming that occurs toward
morning that is vivid, frightening
and usually wakes the
child.

Night terrors:

waking in a panicked state,
breathing rapidly and perspiring
heavily.

Shape stage:

the period during which children
draw six basic shapes.

Design stage:

the period during which children
combine the six basic
shapes into more complex
patterns.

Pictorial stage:

the period during which children
depict recognizable objects
in drawings.

Lateralization:

the functional specialization
of each half of the brain, which
makes each half different from
the other.

Brain Development 2-5 years

• Between 2 and 5 years, unnecessary synaptic
connections are pruned, and neurons in the corpus
callosum, sensory, and motor regions of the
brain become wrapped in myelin.
• The brain becomes more specialized, with specific
functions (e.g., comprehending speech)
becoming lateralized in particular brain
regions.

How many hours do prschoolchildren sleep a night

12 hours

Preschool children grow steadily, adding about _______ centimeters and ______ kgs each years

5-8; 1.8

Preschool children begin to look more mature
because:

their bodies have more adult-like proportions
and less fat.

By age 3, how many teeth do children typically have?

all 20 primary teeth

For most children, language functioning is
typically localized in:

the left hemisphere.

For some left-handed children, language is
localized in the:

right hemisphere, and for
other left-handed children it is localized in
both hemispheres.

Left-handed children and adults are more
prone to:

some health problems and language
disorders but tend to be more talented artistically,
spatially, and mathematically.

Gender differences in motor skills:

• Young boys tend to be more active than girls
and have an advantage on tasks that rely on
strength.
• Girls usually perform better than boys on tasks
that require coordinated movements of the
limbs or fine-motor coordination.

Most preschool children need a diet of roughly _________ calories, from a variety of healthy
foods.

1500 to 1700

Hospitalization often upsets children because:

of the separation from parents, the fear of the
unknown, and the loss of control.

Preoperational stage:

in Piagetian theory, the stage
of cognitive development
during which children use
symbols
to represent objects
and events.

Egocentrism:

seeing the world primarily
from the perspective of self
rather than of other people.

Centration:

in Piagetian theory, the term
for narrowly focused thought,
typically during the preoperational
stage.

Animism:

crediting inanimate objects
with life and lifelike properties.

Characteristics of Preoperational Thinking

Egocentrism, Centration, Appearance as reality

Appearance as reality:

Child assumes that an object really
is what it appears to be.

Theory of mind:

a person's understanding of
the relations between mind
and behaviour.

Executive functioning:

a set of cognitive abilities that
enable intentional,
self-regulated behaviour.

Counterfactual thinking:

understanding that a situation
or fact is opposite to reality.

Attention:

the process by which information
is selected to be processed
further.

Zone of proximal
development:

in Vygotskian theory, the
difference
between what
a child can do without the
support
of a more experienced
caregiver and what the child
can do with that support.

Scaffolding:

in Vygotskian theory, a teaching
style that matches the
amount of assistance to the
learner's needs.

Private speech:

in Vygotskian theory, comments
not directed to others
but that help children regulate
their own behaviour.

Inner speech:

in Vygotskian theory, inner
speech is thought.

Key concepts in Vygotsky's theory

zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and private speech

Telegraphic speech

talk consisting only of words
directly relevant to meaning,
such as important verbs and
nouns.

Grammatical morphemes

words or endings of words that
make a sentence grammatical.

Overregularization:

applying rules to words that
are exceptions to the rule.

Semantic bootstrapping
hypothesis:

children rely upon their knowledge
of word meanings to discover
grammatical rules.

National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYCR) 4 recommendations for developmentally appropriate practices in early childhood education

Create a caring community of
learners, Teach to enhance development
and learning, Assess children's learning and
development, Establish reciprocal relationships
with families

Social role:

a set of cultural guidelines for
how a person should behave.

Gender roles:

the culturally prescribed roles
considered appropriate for a
particular gender.

Gender stereotypes:

beliefs about how genders differ
in personality traits, interests,
and behaviours.

Instrumental traits:

personality characteristics that
reflect active involvement with
and influence over the environment
and that are stereotypically
associated with men.

Expressive traits:

personality characteristics that
reflect emotional functioning
and a focus on interpersonal
relations and that are stereotypically
associated with
women.

Gender identity:

a person's inner sense of the
person's own gender.

Gender labelling:

learning to name who is a boy
and who is a girl.

Gender stability:

understanding that a person's
natural gender does not
change.

Gender consistency:

believing that maleness and
femaleness do not change
based on situations or personal
wishes.

Gender constancy:

the knowledge that gender can
be identified, is stable, and remains
consistent over time.

Gender-schema theory:

using gender-based information
to decide whether an
activity or object is worth
learning more about.

Self-esteem:

feelings about personal worth.

Authoritarian parenting:

high control with low levels of
warmth.

Authoritative parenting:

reasonable control with a lot of
warmth and responsiveness to
children.

Indulgent-permissive
parenting

a lot of warmth and caring but
little control.

Indifferent-uninvolved
parenting:

uninterested, uninvolved
parenting.

Counterimitation:

learning by observation what
should not be done.

Disinhibition:

a tendency to exhibit bold or
aggressive behaviours in unfamiliar
situations.

Inhibition:

a decrease in a behaviour.

Negative reinforcement
trap:

reinforcing the very behaviours
that are being targeted for
elimination.

Time out:

being required to sit alone in a
quiet, unstimulating location
or being excluded for a short
period of time from a desirable
activity.

Time away:

being diverted from an activity
that was generating conflict
to some other, usually quieter,
activity.

Bullying:

unprovoked aggression, which
has as its sole goal gaining
power over another through
social, verbal, or physical
harassment.

Self-control:

the ability to regulate thought,
behaviour, and emotional
reactions in a planful manner
rather than giving in to
impulse.

Delay of gratification:

the ability to hold off immediate
satisfaction in order to
obtain a larger reward or more
preferable outcome later.

Social conventions:

arbitrary standards of behaviour
agreed to by a cultural
group to facilitate interactions
within the group.