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What are examples of granulocytes?
a. neutrophils
b. monocytes
c. basophils
d. eosinophils
e. erythrocytes
f. mast cells
a, c, d
What does the white splenic pulp do?
T and B cells interact with with cells presenting antigen from blood-borne pathogens
What does the red splenic pulp do?
aged red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages
what are examples of lymphocytes?
a. t-lymphocyte
b. Null cells
c. Killer T cells
d. b-lymphocytes
a, b, d
what are examples of monocytes?
a. neutrophil
b. basophils
c. macrophages
d. eosinophils
c
What is immunity?
ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals
What is the purpose of the immune system?
should be able to distinguish self vs non self and recognize, respond to, react with and eliminate foreign substance from the body
Which of the following is good for “everyday” use? (metaphorically)
a. innate
b. adaptive
a
true or false: I can make my innate immune system better.
false; it’s genetically encoded
What is a left shift indicative of?
bacterial infection
What is the correct order of abundance for the blood cells? (least to greatest)
a. monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, red blood cells, basophils
b. lymphocytes, neutrophils, red blood cells, basophils, monocytes
c. neutrophils, red blood cells, monocytes, basophils, lymphocytes
d. basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, red blood cells
d
true or false: Are eosinophils best described as “anti-inflammatory cells”?
false
Innate Immune System
complement, phagocytosis, and degranulation
physical barrier
chemical mediators
cells
Adaptive Immune System
antibodies and lymphocytes
specific
specificity and memory
What is specificity?
ability to recognize a particle substance
What are examples of the general reaction(s) of the innate immune system?
high body temperature, high oxygen tension in blood, normal bacteria flora, and low available in iron
What are the physical/mechanical barriers of the innate immune system?
skin
respiratory tract
GI tract
Urine flow
tears
What is the clinical correlation of abnormal function in the physical mechanism of the Innate Immune System?
increased risk of infection
What are the chemical barriers of the Innate Immune System?
gastric acid
sebum
mucous
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes (signal molecules)
peroxides, superoxides
hypochlorous acid (EXTREMELY TOXIC)
nitric oxide (signal molecule)
histamines are responsible for
a. allergies
b. pain
a. alleriges
prostaglandins are responsible for
a. allergies
b. pain
b
leukotrienes are responsible for
a. allergies
b. pain
a
What are peptide and proteins contained in the innate immune system?
complements and kinins
lysosome
cathelicidins and defensins
collectins
lactoferrin
interferon
TNF’s, CSF’s, IL’s
collectins are/is
a. toxic peptides
b. sequester iron
c. signal molecule
a
lactoferrins are/is
a. toxic peptides
b. sequester iron
c. signal molecule
b
interferons, TNF’s, CSF and IL’s are/is
a. toxic peptides
b. sequester iron
c. signal molecule
c
What antibody can cross the placenta (choose all that apply)?
a. IgG
b. IgA
c. IgE
d. IgM
a
Which of the following are examples of adaptive immunity molecules?
a. interferons
b. Tc
c. histamine
d. Th
e. B antibodies
f. TNFs
b, d, e
true or false: all interferons have different mechanisms of action and it depends on their site of origin.
false; it doesn’t matter where they come from, they work the same
true or false: the innate immune system includes B and T cells.
false
Monocytes develop into _____________.
macrophages
Which of the following are the first line of defense in the innate immune system, aside from the skin?
a. macrophages
b. dendritic cells
c. Kupffer cells
d. natural killer T cells
e. microglial cells
f. monocytes
a, c, e, f
What are the microbicidal ways of macrophage killing?
a. phagocytosis
b. proteases
c. reactive oxygen
d. nitric oxide
e. TNFa
f. enzymes
a, c, d
What are the tumoricidal ways of macrophage killing?
a. phagocytosis
b. proteases
c. reactive oxygen
d. nitric oxide
e. TNFa
f. enzymes
b, c, f
true of false: natural killer cells recognize whole classes of cells, not specific kinds of cells.
true
In IM vaccinations, are Langerhan cells involved in immune response?
no
How do macrophages “call” neutrophils?
using cytokines
What is true of neutrophils?
a. lineage is from monocytes
b. present antigens
c. they do not produce TNF/ IL-1
d. lineage is from granulocytes
e. they do not present antigens
c, d, e
What is true of macrophages?
a. lineage is from monocytes
b. present antigens
c. they do not produce TNF/ IL-1
d. lineage is from granulocytes
e. they do not present antigens
a, b
Which of the following is the most common in the body?
a. macrophages
b. erythrocytes
c. neutrophils
d. dendritic cells
e. basophils
b. erythrocytes
What cells are found in high numbers in the lungs?
a. mast cells
b. macrophages
c. neutrophils
d. basophils
a
Which are the following is a good cell to deal with parasitic infections?
a. macrophages
b. mast cells
c. basophils
d. eosinophils
d
Which of the following enters infected tissues first?
a. macrophages
b. neutrophils
c. mast cells
d. eosinophils
b
Which of the following are mobile and have the ability to leave the blood?
a. basophils
b. mast cells
c. eosinophils
d. normal flora
a, c
true or false: eosinophils are less abundant than basophils.
false
true or false: eosinophils are gentle killers and are great for reducing inflammation.
false
which of the following break down chemicals produced by basophils?
a. mast cells
b. white blood cells
c. eosinophils
d. neutrophils
c
What chemical molecule does eosinophils break down?
a. histamine
b. cytokine
c. reactive oxygen
d. nitric oxide
a
Which of the following increases eosinophil production?
a. IL-3
b. GM-CSF
c. IL-4
d. IL-5
e. M-CSF
f. IL-8
d
Which of the following attracts neutrophils and is used for final differentiation?
a. IL-3
b. GM-CSF
c. IL-4
d. IL-5
e. M-CSF
f. IL-8
f
What is the “common ancestor” of all blood cells?
hemocytoblast
What does IL-4 stimulate?
things associated with basophils
What does Tn2 with increased MHCII stimulate?
B cells
B cells perform class switching to ______ production.
IgE
which of the following would you usually find in the cytoplasm?
a. ssRNA
b. dsRNA
c. dsDNA
a, c
What causes chemotaxis?
high concentrations of chemokine
What is the correct order of occurrence?
a. chemotaxis, exudation, diapedesis, phagocytosis, margination
b. margination, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, diapedesis, exudation
c. diapedesis, phagocytosis, exudation, chemotaxis, margination
d. chemotaxis, phagocytosis, margination, diapedesis, exudation
d
what attracts neutrophils?
a. leukotrienes
b. complement factors (activated)
c. palete activating factor
d. bacterial peptides
e. interleukin-8
f. histamine
g. chemokine
a, b, c, d, e
Where are mast cells found?
a. lungs
b. skeletal muscle
c. connective tissue
d. skin
c
What is the role of leukocytes with regards to exudation?
leukocytes begin making more “active sites” so that more sticky proteins (ICAM) can help stick to wall in response to cytokine from infected cells
What cell is most heavily involved with allergic reactions?
a. neutrophils
b. monocytes
c. macrophages
d. mast cells
e. basophils
f. eosinophils
d,e
which of the following are contained in basophils and mast cells?
a. histamines
b. herapin
c. IL-8
d. c4a
a, b
What is released with mast cell degranulation?
a. histamine
b. serotonin
c. IL-4
d. collagenase
e. perforins
a, b, c
How are basophils and mast cells activated?
a. chemotaxis
b. complement factors
c. palate activating factors
d. IgE cross linking with antigen
d
Which of the following have IgE receptors?
a. eosinophils
b. plasma cells
c. basophils
d. mast cells
e. neutrophils
c, d
HINT: In the lecture, he emphasized these two, one of the answers produces IgE but does not have IgE receptors
Which of the following is the OTC mast cell stabilizer?
a. NSAIDs
b. Singulair
c. nasacrom
d. cromolyn
e. infliximab
c, d
Which of the following stimulates differentiation of naive helper T cells to Th2?
a. IL-2
b. IL-4
c. IL-5
d. IL-8
b
Which of the following is responsible for differentiation of B cells to plasma cells?
a. IL-8
b. IL-2
c. IL-5
d. IL-4
d
What causes class switching to IgE?
a. IL-4
b. IL-2
c. IL-5
d. IL-8
a
The overproduction of which of the following is associated with allergies?
a. IL-2
b. IL-5
c. IL-4
d. IL-8
c
Which of the following would cause IgE inactivation through luekotriene inhibition?
a. NSAIDs
b. Singulair
c. nasacrom
d. cromolyn
b
Why are anti-TNF good?
inhibits the action of tissue necrosis factor
Which of the following are anti-TNF?
a. infliximab
b. adalimumab
c. golimumab
d. etanercept
e. dupilumab
f. pitrakinra
a, b, c, d
Which of the following are anti-IL-4Ra?
a. infliximab
b. adalimumab
c. golimumab
d. etanercept
e. dupilumab
f. pitrakinra
e
Which of the following are IL-4 mutant?
a. infliximab
b. adalimumab
c. golimumab
d. etanercept
e. dupilumab
f. pitrakinra
f
How can LAD patients and patients with a bacterial infection be differentiated?
Patients with a bacterial infection will see a decrease in leukocyte circulation in blood after infection is dealt with
What causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
phagocytes don’t leave the bloodstream because they do not become sticky
What connects both the innate and adaptive immune system?
complement
What are the three pathways complement can work?
classical, alternative and lectin
Which of the following complement pathways requires the antibodies to bind to the antigen?
a. classical
b. alternative
c. lectin
a
Which of the following complement pathways is activated by the C3 made in complement activation that binds with foreign substance?
a. classical
b. alternative
c. lectin
b
Which of the following complement pathways requires MBP:MASP to bind with carbohydrates surface markers?
a. classical
b. alternative
c. lectin
c
What can activated complemented proteins do?
form membrane attack complexes
attach to surface bacterial cells, stimulate phagocytosis
attract immune system cells to site of infection and promote inflammation
What is opsonin?
molecule that makes a foreign material more susceptible to phagocytosis
In chemotaxis, C5a does what?
acts as a cytokine to attract neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages to the site
Which of the following causes inflammation through chemotaxis?
a. C3a
b. C5-9
c. C3b
d. C4a
e. C5a
f. Clrqs/Ab
a, d, e
true or false: phagocytes have receptors for C3b.
true
Which of the following cause opsonization?
a. C3a
b. C5-9
c. C3b
d. C4a
e. C5a
f. Clrqs/Ab
c, f
Which of the following stimulates mast cells to secrete histamine?
a. C3a
b. C5-9
c. C3b
d. C4a
e. C5a
f. Clrqs/Ab
a, e
What is true of anaphylatoxin?
a. vasodilation via smooth muscle relaxation
b. vasodilation of airway
c. increased vascular permeability
d. mast/eosinophil degranulation
e. chemotaxis
f. induction of phagocytic responses
a, c, e, f
true or false: the adaptive and innate immune system are two distinct systems that can be separated.
false
a. immuogen | i. an immunogen that elicits production of an allergic antibody or reactive T cell and initiates an allergic response | |
b. antigen | ii. a molecule that stimulates an immune response | |
c. allergen | iii. a part of an immunogenicity that reacts with immune components |
Match the following term with the correct definition
a-ii
b-iii
c- i
Inflammation is
a. adaptive
b. innate
c. humoral
d. cellular
b
Which of the following is the only reason of Rh problems?
a. Rh negative mom, Rh negative child
b. Rh postive mom, Rh positive child
c. Rh negative mom, Rh positive child
d. it does not matter, either of these combinations can cause problems
c
true or false: If mom is Rh positive, she can make antibodies to Rh for her baby.
false
Which of the following are examples of primary lymphoid organs?
a. bone marrow
b. spleen
c. thymus
d. tonsils
a, c
Which of the following is the correct flow of the lymph?
a. lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein
b. lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein
c. collecting duct, lymphatic vessel, lymphatic trunk, subclavian vein
d. lymphatic vessel, collecting duct, lymphatic trunk, subclavian vein
a
Which of the following are barriers that prevent microbial infection of the skin?
a. skin
b. mucous
c. tight junctions
d. surfactants
e. cilia
a, b, c
What are the five acute-phase proteins synthesized by the liver and their function?
C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
C3, C4
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
Which of the following is the most abundant antibody in the body?
a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgD
a
Note 
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