unit 5

Positive Psycholoy

a branch of psychology focused on the study of positive emotions, strengths, and factors that contribute to human flourishing and well-being.

Subjective Well-Being

refers to how individuals experience the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments. It encompasses life satisfaction and the presence of positive moods.

Resilience

is the ability to adapt to stress and adversity, maintaining psychological well-being despite challenges.

Posttraumatic Growth

refers to the positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, trauma, or challenging life circumstances, leading to an enhanced appreciation for life and personal strength.

Positive Emotions

are feelings that contribute to overall happiness, including joy, gratitude, and love. These emotions can enhance well-being and foster resilience.

Gratitude

is a positive emotional response that involves recognizing and appreciating the value of what one has, leading to increased well-being and life satisfaction.

Wisdom

is the ability to make sound decisions and judgments based on knowledge, experience, and understanding. It often involves insight into human nature and the complexities of life.

Courage

is the mental or moral strength to persevere and withstand fear, uncertainty, or difficulty. It is essential for taking action in the face of challenges and pursuing personal growth.

Humanity

is the quality of being kind, compassionate, and empathetic towards others. It encompasses a recognition of our shared experiences and promotes social connection and understanding.

Justice

is the principle of fairness and equity in the treatment of individuals and the distribution of resources. It involves ensuring that everyone receives their due and that rights are upheld.

Temperance

is the practice of self-control, moderation, and restraint in one's actions, emotions, and desires. It encourages balance and harmony in life, promoting overall well-being.

Transcendence

is the ability to rise above limitations, achieving a higher state of being or awareness. It often involves personal growth and spiritual development.

Healthy Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of human life, emphasizing strengths, well-being, and the promotion of mental health rather than just the treatment of mental illness.

Stress

A physical and emotional response to challenges or demands, often leading to various cognitive, behavioral, and physiological effects.

Stressors

Events or situations that trigger stress responses in individuals.

Eustress

A positive form of stress that can enhance motivation, performance, and well-being, often experienced during challenging yet manageable situations.

Distress

A negative form of stress that can lead to anxiety, decreased performance, and health issues, typically resulting from overwhelming demands or scenarios.

Daily Hassles

Minor irritations or annoyances that occur regularly, contributing to overall stress levels.

Significant Life Changes

Major alterations in a person's life, such as moving, changing jobs, or experiencing a loss, that can evoke substantial stress and require adjustment.

Catastrophies

Unexpected, large-scale events that cause significant distress and disruption, such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks.

ACES

Adverse Childhood Experiences that can impact health and well-being.

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-stage physiological response to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.

Alarm Reaction Phase

The initial response to a stressor, characterized by the body's immediate reaction, including the release of stress hormones and heightened alertness.

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

The physiological reaction to perceived threats, which prepares the body to either confront or flee from danger. It involves the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and heightened awareness.

Resistance Phase

The second stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body attempts to adapt to the ongoing stressor by maintaining a heightened state of alertness and energy utilization.

Exhaustion Phase

The final stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome, where prolonged exposure to stressors results in depletion of resources and can lead to negative health effects such as fatigue and burnout.

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

A behavioral response to stress, where individuals seek social support and nurture others, enhancing social connections as a coping mechanism, particularly observed in women.

Problem-Focused Coping

A coping strategy aimed at tackling the root cause of stress directly. It involves identifying the problem, brainstorming solutions, and taking action to alleviate the stressor.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping strategy that focuses on managing the emotions associated with a stressor rather than addressing the stressor itself. It often involves techniques like seeking emotional support or engaging in relaxation methods.

abnormal psychology

the branch of psychology that deals with abnormal behavior, mental disorders, and their treatment.

clinical psychology

the field of psychology focused on diagnosing and treating mental health disorders through therapy and assessment.

psychology student syndrome

a phenomenon where students studying psychology start to believe they have the disorders they are learning about.

DMS-5

the manual used by mental health professionals to classify and diagnose mental disorders, providing standardized criteria.

ICD

a systematic classification of diseases and health conditions, used for diagnosis and health management worldwide.

Deviation

from social norms in behavior or thoughts that may indicate mental health issues.

Distress

emotional suffering or pain that affects daily functioning.

Dysfunction

impaired functioning of an individual's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that hinders normal life activities.

Eclectic Approach

a therapeutic method that incorporates techniques from various psychological schools of thought to tailor treatment to the individual's needs.

Behavioral Perspective

a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and the influence of the environment on behavior.

Psychodynamic Perspective

a psychological approach that focuses on unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior and personality.

Humanistic Perspective

psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of individuals.

Cognitive Perspective

a psychological approach that focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving, and how they influence behavior.

Evolutionary Perspective

a psychological approach that examines mental processes and behavior through the lens of natural selection and adaptation, emphasizing how evolutionary theory influences human behavior.

Sociocultural Perspective

a psychological approach that explores how cultural and social factors influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions, emphasizing the importance of societal context.

Biological Perspective

a psychological approach that focuses on the physiological and genetic influences on behavior, emphasizing the role of the brain, neurotransmitters, and hormones in mental processes.

Biopsychosocial Perspective

a psychological approach that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors, recognizing that each domain contributes to human behavior and mental health.

Diathesis-Stress Model

a psychological theory that explains the development of psychological disorders as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and stress caused by life experiences.

Stigma

a negative stereotype or belief about a person or group that can lead to discrimination and social exclusion, particularly regarding mental health.

Anxiety Disorders

a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, or anxiety that interferes with daily functioning.

Specific Phobia

an intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that leads to avoidance behavior.

Acrophobia

an intense fear of heights that leads to significant anxiety and avoidance of high places.

Arachnophobia

an irrational fear of spiders that causes significant anxiety and avoidance of situations where spiders may be present.

Agoraphobia

an intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of open spaces or crowds.

Panic Disorder

a mental health condition characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of intense fear or discomfort.

Ataque de nervious

a cultural phenomenon in some Latin American countries, involving episodes of intense anxiety that may include physical symptoms such as trembling or palpitations.

Social Anxiety Disorder

a condition marked by excessive fear of social situations, leading to avoidance and significant distress in interactions with others.

Tigin Kyofusho

a culturally specific form of social anxiety prevalent in Japan, characterized by intense fear of offending others or causing embarrassment through one's appearance or behavior.

Generalized Anxiety

disorder characterized by chronic and excessive worry about various aspects of daily life, often accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness and fatigue.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

a mental health disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to alleviate the anxiety caused by these obsessions.

Obsessions

intrusive and distressing thoughts or images that repeatedly enter a person's mind, often leading to anxiety and compulsive behaviors.

Compulsions

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, aimed at reducing anxiety.

Hoarding Disorder

a mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, leading to clutter that disrupts living spaces and daily functioning.

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorder

a group of conditions involving exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, leading to significant distress or impairment.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

a mental health condition that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities, impacting daily life.

Major Depressive Disorder

a type of depressive disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, and other cognitive and physical symptoms that impair daily functioning.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

a chronic form of depression characterized by a long-lasting low mood that lasts for at least two years, along with other symptoms affecting daily life.

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania or hypomania, leading to significant changes in energy, activity levels, and ability to function.

Bipolar Cycling

the oscillation between depressive and manic episodes in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar I Disorder

a type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes.

Bipolar II Disorder

a type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full manic episodes.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

a group of disorders that typically manifest during the developmental period, affecting the development of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Attention Definition/Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

Feeding and Eating Disorder

(FED) is a category of disorders that involve persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact physical and mental health.

Anorexia Nervosa

is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to severe food restriction, distorted body image, and potentially life-threatening health consequences.

Bulimia Nervosa

is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, driven by a fear of gaining weight.

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorder

is a range of mental disorders characterized by impaired thinking, emotional regulation, and behavior, often including hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive difficulties.

Delusions

are false beliefs that are strongly held despite evidence to the contrary, commonly associated with various mental disorders.

Delusions of Persecution

are a specific type of delusion where an individual believes they are being targeted or harmed by others, often feeling that they are under constant threat.

Delusions of Grandeur

are a specific type of delusion where an individual has an inflated sense of self-importance or believes they possess extraordinary abilities or accomplishments.

Hallucinations

are sensory experiences that occur without an actual external stimulus, often affecting the senses of sight, sound, or touch, and can be a symptom of various mental disorders.

Disorganized Thinking

is a symptom characterized by incoherent speech and difficulty organizing thoughts, often seen in conditions like schizophrenia.

Disorganized Speech

is a communication pattern where an individual's speech is fragmented, nonsensical, or lacks logical flow, often associated with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.

Word Salad

a type of disorganized speech where the speaker uses random words and phrases that do not make logical sense.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

refers to a range of abnormal behaviors including agitation, odd postures, and inappropriate movements, commonly observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. It may manifest as unpredictable or erratic actions that do not align with social norms or the situation.

Catania

is a term related to the study of communication and language in the context of psychological disorders, particularly how they may be affected by neurological conditions.

Flat Affect

a lack of emotional expression in facial and vocal cues, often seen in various mental health disorders.

Dopamine Hypothesis

suggests that an imbalance of dopamine neurotransmission in the brain contributes to the development of schizophrenia and other mental health disorders, particularly in relation to psychotic symptoms.

Positive Symptoms

refer to the presence of abnormal experiences or behaviors, such as hallucinations and delusions, that are commonly associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Negative Symptoms

refer to the absence or reduction of normal emotional responses or behaviors, such as lack of motivation, social withdrawal, and diminished emotional expression, commonly seen in schizophrenia and other mental health disorders.

Dissociative Disorders

a group of psychological conditions characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory, often occurring as a response to trauma.

Dissociative Amnesia

a type of dissociative disorder where an individual experiences an inability to recall important personal information, typically related to a traumatic or stressful event, leading to significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative Fugue

a subtype of dissociative amnesia where the individual suddenly travels away from home or customary work locations and is unable to recall their past, often including the loss of identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a severe form of dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession, along with significant memory gaps regarding everyday events, personal information, or traumatic events.

Personality Disorders

a category of mental health disorders characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of an individual's culture, leading to significant impairment or distress.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

are a group of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors. This includes Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorder.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, believing that their motives are malevolent. Individuals may interpret benign remarks as threatening, leading to difficulties in relationships.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

is characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. Individuals often appear aloof and do not seek or enjoy close relationships with others.