Catalysts

metabolism

the sum of chemical reactions happening within an organism.

Catabolic

break down substances

anabolic

build up substances

Enzyme

Specialized proteins that control chemical reaction in a organism. Biological catalyst that speed up reaction without being affected itself.

Activation Energy

energy required to start a reaction

What factors speed up reactions and increase number of collisions?

heat , agitation

Enzymes serve as ____?

catalyst to lower activation energy required in living systems

Why does activation energy need to be lowered on living systems?

A sped up reaction can damage living systems

Subtrate

the reactant the enzyme acts upon

What causes the specificity of the enzyme?

Caused by the 3d molecular shape

what causes an enzyme-subtrate complex?

Caused from the ensyme and subtrate combining

Active site

Part / portion of an enzyme that is bind to the subtrate.

Induced fit model

Explains how the active site on an enzyme changes the enzyme’s shape in order to accomodate the subtrate.

What usually links the active site and subtrate?

Weak, ionic or hydrogen bonds.

Provide a few caracteristics of enzymes.

1. Can be spesific to certain types of cells and spicies of organisms.

2. Usually end in ase

3. Ensyme reaction needs help from other mollecules.

Cofactors

Non organic metal ions that aid in enzyme action

Coenzymes

non protein organic molecules that improve enzyme action

What heppens if tempeture is increased for an ensyme?

The reaction will be sped up

If tempeture is not at the ideal point, what happens to the ensyme-subtrate reaction?

It is impaled bc ensymes have an ideal tempeture in which they work best and fastest with.

What is the ideal pH for ensymes?

A pH from 6-8 (if outside of this range, activity will lower)

When an ensyme looses its shape and function it is called..

Dentured

Inhabitors

Bind to ensyme and decrease its activity

Activators

Increase ensyme activity

Bromelian

Ensyme that occurs in pinaples and breaks down proteins into their amin acids by hydrolisis

What is the effect of bromelian ensyme when interacting with gelatin?

For gelating to set, it needs to trap and absorb water and so bromelian prevents that by treating its proteins.

What can affect the interaction of bromelian with gelatin?

Temperature and Ph.

Ensymes are reusable within reactions. T or F?

True

Catalase, produced in the liver does what?

Breaks down rapidly millions of h2o2 molecules per min.

Renilasse Ensyme

Help young mamals digest milk and in cheese production. It convers milk protein into insoluable paracasein.

What limits the size of a cell?

The ratio of Surface area to volume.

Colonial organisms are?

Loosely connected groups.

What are the order of the leve;s of organization?

atom —> molecule —> cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism

Carbohydrate Characteristics

-consists of organic compounds

-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:2:1

-Three types of carbohidrates

Types of carbohidrates

Monosacccharadies

-server as fuel and are the simplest form of carbohydrates

Types of Carbohydrates

Disaccharides

-two monosaccharides combined through hydration synthesis

Types of Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

-complex carbohidrates build from simple ones through dehydration synthesis

-storage energy

Organic molecules vs. Hydrocarbons

Organic C form when 2 or more carbon atoms bind tg, while Hydrocarbons are the platform from which more complex molecules form.

Benedicts Test

Used to identify sugars, originaly blue but when substance is heated and a colorfull percipitate forms, sugar is present.

Iodine Test

Used to distinguish startch , will produced a bluish-black color if present.

Grease spot test

Testing for lipids, if a grease spot is visibale then it is present.

Characteristics of Lipids

-fatty acids

-saturated or unsaturated

-store energy

characteristics of waxes

-alcohol bounded w long chain fatty acid

-solid at room temp, liquid when melted

Biruet test

Identifies proteins, changes from blue to violet if present.