Chapter 39

All of the following were sources of the economic stagnation that plagued America in the 1970s EXCEPT

(A) a drastic decline in worker productivity.
(B) inflationary and unsustainable government spending
on military and social welfare matters.
(C) sharply rising oil and energy prices that fed spiraling
inflation.
(D) the loss of the competitive advantage historically
held by American business in key sectors of the
economy like steel, automobiles, and consumer
electronics.
(E) steep tax increases in the 1960s and early 1970s to
fund increased domestic and military spending.

(E) steep tax increases in the 1960s and early 1970s to
fund increased domestic and military spending.

President Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all
of the following EXCEPT

(A) the congressionally unauthorized extension of the
war to Cambodia.
(B) a gradual handover of the ground war to the South
Vietnamese.
(C) massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam, Cambodia,
and Laos.
(D) creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.
(E) steadily increasing American troop commitments
in Vietnam.

(E) steadily increasing American troop commitments
in Vietnam.

Which of the following best characterizes President
Nixon's policy of détente?

(A) It was designed to improve relations between the
Soviet Union and China.
(B) It was aimed at ending the political division of
Germany and Korea.
(C) It found support in the Democratic party but not
in the Republican party.
(D) It ushered in an era of relaxed bilateral tensions
between the United States and the two leading
communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
(E) It was shaped by President Nixon's chief foreign
policy adviser, Spiro Agnew.

D) It ushered in an era of relaxed bilateral tensions
between the United States and the two leading
communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

Which of the following was NOT a decision issued by
the U.S. Supreme Court during the Warren Court era?

(A) The Court upheld a married couple's right to use
contraceptives based on a constitutional right to
privacy.
(B) The Court held that all defendants in serious criminal
cases were entitled to legal counsel, even if
they were too poor to afford it.
(C) The Court guaranteed the right of the accused to
remain silent and to enjoy other constitutional
protections against self-incrimination.
(D) The Court cited the First Amendment in prohibiting
required prayers and Bible reading in the public
schools.
(E) The Court upheld the right of state legislatures to
disregard the one-man, one-vote principle in
apportioning legislative districts.

schools.
(E) The Court upheld the right of state legislatures to
disregard the one-man, one-vote principle in
apportioning legislative districts.

Why did the creation of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) arouse such bitter opposition
among many businesspeople?

(A) The actions of these new federal agencies undermined
strong efforts that businesses were already
making to protect the environment and worker
safety.
(B) The work of these two agencies directly involved
the federal government in many aspects of business
decision making.
(C) These two federal agencies were financed by new
corporate taxes.
(D) These two businesses operated under laws passed
by an antibusiness administration.
(E) Richard Nixon appointed environmentalist Rachel
Carson to lead the EPA and labor and consumer
activist Ralph Nader to head OSHA.

(B) The work of these two agencies directly involved
the federal government in many aspects of business
decision making.

The list of illegal activities perpetrated by the law-andorder Nixon administration that were uncovered in
the Watergate scandal included all of the following
EXCEPT

(A) breaking into the Democratic party headquarters
in order to bug it to gain information about Democrats'
plans for the 1972 presidential campaign.
(B) using the Internal Revenue Service to harass political
enemies of Nixon.
(C) forging documents to discredit prominent Democratic
politicians.
(D) bribing U.S. Supreme Court justices to write favorable
judicial opinions.
(E) using the FBI and the CIA to conceal and cover up
previous crimes of the Nixon administration.

(D) bribing U.S. Supreme Court justices to write favorable
judicial opinions.

What legal claim did President Nixon unsuccessfully
make to the U.S. Supreme Court to resist the efforts of
the Watergate special prosecutor and Congress to
obtain his taped conversations with aides in the
White House?

(A) Executive privilege (presidential confidentiality)
allowed him to withhold the tapes.
(B) Releasing the tapes would violate his right to
privacy.
(C) Releasing the tapes would violate his Fifth Amendment
protection against self-incrimination.
(D) The president has absolute sovereign immunity in
all criminal investigations.
(E) Release of the tapes would interfere with his constitutional right to make foreign policy as commander
in chief.

(A) Executive privilege (presidential confidentiality)
allowed him to withhold the tapes.

Which was the most controversial action of Gerald
Ford's presidency?
(A) Pardoning Richard Nixon for any known or
unknown crimes Nixon had committed during his
presidency
(B) Signing the Helsinki accords with the Soviet
Union
(C) Frantically evacuating the last Americans and Vietnamese by helicopter during the fall of South Vietnam
to the communists
(D) Arranging the deal whereby Nixon resigned as
president
(E) Pardoning Vietnam War draft resisters and evaders

(A) Pardoning Richard Nixon for any known or
unknown crimes Nixon had committed during his
presidency

Which was NOT among the notable achievements of
the feminist movement in America during the 1970s?

(A) Congressional passage of Title IX, prohibiting sex
discrimination in any federally funded education
program or activity, including intercollegiate and
interscholastic athletics
(B) The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, holding
that state laws prohibiting abortion were
unconstitutional because they violated a woman's
constitutional right to privacy
(C) Supreme Court decisions expanding women's legal
protections in the areas of sex discrimination in
legislation and employment
(D) A major rethinking of traditional gender roles in
American society that helped catapult millions of
American women into the workplace
(E) The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) constitutionally guaranteeing women equality
of rights under law in all fifty states

(E) The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) constitutionally guaranteeing women equality
of rights under law in all fifty states

Which of the following most accurately describes the
key holding of the Supreme Court in the Bakke case?

(A) The white Californian, Allan Bakke, who challenged
the constitutionality of the medical admissions
program at the University of California at
Davis should have been awarded a minority preference
in admissions because he was Jewish.
(B) Public universities could impose racial quotas, but
private universities were barred from doing so.
(C) All forms of affirmative action in university admissions
constituted unconstitutional reverse
discrimination.
(D) It was legally permissible for universities to establish
minority-based educational programs and
housing arrangements.
(E) Racial quotas were unconstitutional, but race
could be taken into account as one plus factor in
university admissions.

(E) Racial quotas were unconstitutional, but race
could be taken into account as one plus factor in
university admissions.

The presidency of Jimmy Carter was undermined by
all of the following EXCEPT

(A) the inflationary oil shocks of the 1970s.
(B) the ominous reheating of the Cold War with the
Soviets.
(C) the Iranian hostage crisis.
(D) an overreliance on a small circle of Georgia advisers
for political advice.
(E) armed conflict in the Middle East between Israel
and Egypt.

(E) armed conflict in the Middle East between Israel
and Egypt.

What was the guiding principle of President Carter's
foreign policy?

(A) Isolationism
(B) Containment
(C) Unilateralism
(D) Human rights
(E) Rolling back communism in developing nations
(sometimes called Third World nations)

(D) Human rights

How did the Watergate scandal prove that the United
States Constitution could work effectively in a crisis?

(A) States were able to influence the national government
to remove corrupt officials.
(B) Two branches of government investigated and
punished abuses of power in the third.
(C) Congress approved an amendment prohibiting
taping systems in the White House.
(D) The two-party system survived Nixon's attempt to
harm the Democratic party.
(E) All presidents since Nixon have exercised limited
powers.

(B) Two branches of government investigated and
punished abuses of power in the third.

The energy crises of 1973 and 1979 were similar in all
of the following ways EXCEPT that

(A) both resulted from actions taken by OPEC.
(B) both were indirectly caused by American interference
in the Middle East.
(C) both led to long lines at gas stations and restrictions
on fuel purchases.
(D) both signaled the end of an era of cheap and
abundant energy sources.
(E) both coincided with economic downturns.

(D) both signaled the end of an era of cheap and
abundant energy sources.