medicine mock

spontaneous generation

developed in early 18th century as alternative to four humours theory

the enlightenment

movement which promoted the idea that people should think for themselves

germ theory 4 basic principles

the air contains living microorganisms,

microbes can be killed by heating them,

microbes cause decay in the air,

microbes are not evenly distributed in the air

louis pasteur

developed germ theory

why did louis pasteur start looking into germ theory

french academy of science challenged scientists to come up with evidence to either prove or disprove spontaneous generation in 1860

why could pasteur develop germ theory

development of microscopes meant he could magnify images to a high level with good resolution so could observe unwanted microbes in wine and vinegar making the liquids go off

germ theory of infection date

published in 1878

germ theory date

published results of his experiments in 1861

pasteur influence in britain

little impact due to attitudes in doctors stopping people from accepting the link between germs and disease

robert koch

made the link that different germs cause different diseases

koch discoveries

bacteria which caused tuberculosis in 1882,

cholera in 1883 and proved it was spread in water supplies in 1884

koch influence long term

made it easier for other scientists to study bacteria by developing his method of growing them with agar jelly in a petri dish

koch influence short term

doctors began to study and treat the disease itself instead of the symptoms

conditions of hospitals before nightingale

unsanitary and poor

nightingale actions in crimea

removed dirt near patients being treated, clean beddings and good meals were to be provided, improved mortality rate by 38%

nightingale impact on britain

her popularity in crimea meant she was able to change hospital care in britian, she did this by changing the way hopitals were designed and the training of nurses

nightingale changes to nursing

wrote notes on nursing in 1859, set up the nightingale school for nurses in 1860, made nursing seem like a respectable occupation, rigorous training needed to be a nurse turned it into a proper profession

nightingale changes to hospitals

had to follow the pavilion plan and cleanliness became very important

pavilion plan

hospitals built with improved ventilation, more windows, larger rooms, seperate isolation wards, built out of materials which were easy to clean

change of care/treatment for 1700-1900

hospitals were much cleaner and widespread, vaccines were being developed, government became more involved in improving sanitary conditions, problems of pain and infection during surgery had been solved

main problems with surgery

pain, bleeding, infection

solving pain in surgery

development of the anaesthetic

laughing gas

discovered by davy in 1795 and numbed pain

chloroform discovery

james simpson and a group of friends inhaled a number of vapours of various chemicals but when they inhaled chloroform they all passed out proving that it was effective in 1847

chloroform faults

doses had to be carefully controlled as was easy to overdose

chloroform popularity

after it was used by queen victoria during birth in 1853 she spokek favourably of it and it became popular

solving infection in surgery

development of antiseptic surgery

joseph lister

developed carbolic acid in 1865

discovery of carbolic acid

used pasteurs discoveries to make the link between microbes and rotting flesh so used carbolic acid when operating on a patient and the wound healed cleanly

the lancet

medical journal where lister published his findings of success with carbolic acid

lister impact

carbolic acid was not used at first due to resistance from medical professionals however attitudes changed in the long term as the importance of antiseptics was understood and scientists began looking for them

why was carbolic acid not used by medical professionals

it dried out the skin and left an odd smell, the science behind the method was not yet understood

opposition to change in surgery

victorians believed that pain relief interfered with gods plan, it took a long time for doctors to accept that germs caused infections, people did not trust anaesthetics

incoluation

deliberately infecting oneself with a disease in order to avoid a more severe case of it later on, used against smallpox

edward jenner

discovers vaccination for smallpox in 1798

how did jenner discover the vaccination

infected a local boy with cowpox and then tried to infect him with smallpox 6 weeks later but the boy did not catch it

government makes smallpox vaccination compulsory

1852 and enforces it in 1872

why did the public health act happen

government began to take more action to improve living conditions in cities and people began to realise that public health was everyones responsibility

second public health act of 1875

city authorities had to; provide clean water, dispose of sewage, build public toilets, employ public health officer, provide public parks and create street lighting

john snow

concluded that cholera was transmitted by dirty drinking water and removed the broad street pump

snow’s evidence

mapped out the deaths due to cholera in the area he lived in soho during the 1854 epidemic, realised that the deaths were centered at the pump on broad street

the great stink

stench of the exposed sewage on the thames filled the city and encouraged the government to build a sewage system

snow impact

his ideas were not accepted but he helped the residents of soho after he removed the pump providing infected water

biopsy

removal of a small piece of flesh for examination

discovery of dna

crick+watson working together in cambridge,

built a model of dna,

franklin+wilkins correct model with their xray/photo,

dna discovered to be a helix shape

why could dna be discovered

funding from government and private industries, built on earlier work of diseases being inherited

Human Genome Project

an international study started in 1990 to decode and map the human genome, first draft was completed in 2000

common technologies used to make a diagnosis

xrays, mri scans, blood tests/pressure + sugar monitors, endoscopes

dna discovered

1953

magic bullet

chemical cure which would attack microbes causing disease in the body but leave the body unharmed

salavarsan 606

first magic bullet which cured syphilis made in 1909

impact of antibiotics

cure a variety of diseases but the long term impact is unknown

antibiotic

treatment which destroys/limits the growth of bacteria in the body

advances in science and technology

made it easier for mass production of pills. development of capsules, hypodermic needles, insulin pumps

nhs

set up in 1948 by the government to provide medical care for the whole of britain

nhs funding

paid for by national insurance contributions taken from wages

parts of the nhs in 1948

hospitals, gps/dentists, ambulances

impact of the nhs

access had improved but provision had not as many gps were behind the times

methods of prevention

compulsory vaccinations, laws which provide healthy environments (clean air acts of 1956 and 68), communicating health risks to the public and campaigns (stoptober)

polio vaccination in uk

1956

smog

heavy fog caused by air pollution

pencilin discovery

1928 by alexander fleming

pencilin development

made into usable treatment by florey and chain in 1940

mass production of pencilin

us government started after seeing its use and britain joined in at 1943

diagnosing lung cancer

ct scan

causes of lung cancer

smoking, air pollution, radon gas, asbestos and silica

struggles of treating lung cancer

once it is detected is often already very advanced

treating lung cancer

radiotherapy, transplants, chemotherapy, genetic research

preventing lung cancer

british government tried to change and influence behaviour by passing laws and using adverts eg banning smoking in workplaces and raising legal age to buy tobacco from 16 to 18 in 2007

early problems with x rays

exposure to radiation, fragile, large ones difficult to move around, had to keep still for long amounts of time

importance of x rays

easy to make a diagnosis

discovery of x rays

1895

blood transfusions problems

danger of infection, blood clots in the tubing, rejection of transfered blood

discovery of blood groups

in 1901 landsteiner discovered the blood groups A,B, O and a year later AB

discovery of blood groups impact

doctors could match up blood types before a transfusion which meant blood was no longer rejected by a patient

problem with storing blood

it could not be stored so had to be used as soon as it was available

the trench system

frontline, support, reserve, communications

support trench

80 metres behind frontline so men could retreat here if needed, contained extra supplies

trenches feature

in a zig zag pattern, dugouts were made in the side of the trenches where men could take cover if needed

reserve trench

100metres behind support trench, where reserve troops could be mobilised

first battle of ypres date

1914

first battle of ypres

germans attacked on the british positions in ypres but although suffering large losses, the british held on which meant they kept control the english channel ports so could receive supplies and reinforcments

hill 60 date

taken back in april 1915

hill 60

the hill was a strategic advantage so the british took it back by tunneling under the hill and placing mines in them

second battle of ypres date

1915

second battle of ypres importance

first time germans used chlorine gas on the western front

new british strategies at battle of the somme

creeping barrage, tanks

battle of arras date

1917

battle of arras

the men who had been hiding in the tunnels surrounding the german trenches and attacked their front lines

third battle of ypres date

1917

third battle of ypres

british tried to break out of ypres but the ground became waterlogged and many men fell in the mud and drowned

battle of cambrai date

october 1917

battle of cambrai

first large scale use of tanks

problem with horse drawn ambulances

could not cope with number of casualties, injuries would get worse as the patient would be shaken so much

problem with motor ambulances

could not operate in the muddy terrain on the frontlines

trench foot symptoms

swelling of feet caused by standing in cold mud and water, gangrene (decomposition of body tissue)

trench foot solutions

prevention, rubbion whale oil on feet to protect and changing socks regularly to keep feet dry

trench fever symptoms

high temperature, headache, aching muscles

trench fever solutions

in 1918 the cause was discovered to be head lice so delousing stations were set up

shellshock symptoms

tiredness, headaches, nightmares, loss of speech, mental breakdown and uncontrollable shaking