Microbiology Exam 3: Chapter 9, 10, 11

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110 Terms

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Skin Defense Mechanisms

Physical defenses of the skin.

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Mucous Membrane

A layer of protective tissue lining various body cavities.

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Goblet Cells

Cells that secrete mucus.

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Ciliary Escalator

Mechanism by which mucus and trapped particles are moved out of the respiratory tract.

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Sebum

An oily substance that helps lubricate the skin and hair.

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Acid Mantle

A thin, protective film on the skin's surface that helps maintain a slightly acidic pH.

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Lysozyme

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

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Defensins

Antimicrobial peptides that help defend against microbial invasion.

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Cytokines

Small proteins that play a role in cell signaling and immune responses.

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Autocrine

Cell signaling in which a cell responds to signaling molecules it produces itself.

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Paracrine

Cell signaling in which a cell responds to signaling molecules produced by nearby cells.

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Endocrine

Cell signaling in which a cell responds to signaling molecules produced by distant cells.

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Interleukins

Cytokines that mediate communication between leukocytes.

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Chemokines

Cytokines that induce chemotaxis, the movement of cells towards or away from a chemical stimulus.

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Interferons

Cytokines that interfere with viral replication and help regulate immune responses.

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Histamine

A compound released by cells in response to injury or allergic reactions, causing inflammation and vasodilation.

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Leukotrienes

Inflammatory mediators that play a role in allergic and asthmatic reactions.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells that play a role in immune responses.

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Thrombocytes

Platelets that are involved in blood clotting.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

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Granulocytes

A type of leukocyte with granules in the cytoplasm.

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Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell, involved in phagocytosis and the initial immune response to infection.

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Eosinophils

White blood cells involved in immune responses to parasites and allergic reactions.

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Basophils

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

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Mast Cells

Cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

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Degranulation

The release of granules from cells.

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N.E.T.S

Neutrophil extracellular traps, structures composed of DNA and antimicrobial proteins that help trap and kill pathogens.

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Agranulocytes

A type of leukocyte without granules in the cytoplasm.

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Macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Dendritic Cells

Antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells.

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Diapedesis

The process by which white blood cells squeeze through the walls of blood vessels and enter tissues.

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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

Molecules associated with pathogens that are recognized by the innate immune system.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors

Receptors on immune cells that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

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Toll-Like Receptors

A type of pattern recognition receptor that plays a key role in the innate immune response.

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Inflammation

A localized response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

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Fever

An elevated body temperature that helps fight infection.

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Pyrogens

Substances that cause fever.

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Effector Response

The response of the adaptive immune system to eliminate pathogens.

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Anamnestic Response

A rapid and enhanced immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen.

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Natural Immunity

Immunity that is present without prior exposure to a pathogen.

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Artificial Immunity

Immunity that is acquired through medical intervention, such as vaccination.

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B Cells

White blood cells that produce antibodies.

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T Cells

White blood cells that play a role in cell-mediated immunity.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex

A set of genes that encode cell surface proteins involved in antigen presentation.

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Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex

The MHC in humans.

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MHC I

A type of MHC molecule found on the surface of all nucleated cells.

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MHC II

A type of MHC molecule found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

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Antigen-Presenting Cells

Cells that capture, process, and present antigens to T cells.

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Antigens

Molecules that can elicit an immune response.

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Antigenic Determinant

The specific part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor.

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Epitopes

The small, accessible parts of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies or T cell receptors.

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Haptens

Small molecules that can bind to antibodies but are not immunogenic on their own.

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Endogenous Processing

The process by which antigens from within a cell are presented on MHC I molecules.

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Exogenous Processing

The process by which antigens from outside a cell are taken up, processed, and presented on MHC II molecules.

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Lymphocyte Maturation

The process by which lymphocytes develop and acquire their functional capabilities.

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Immunocompetence

The ability of the immune system to respond to antigens.

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Self Tolerance

The ability of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens.

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Positive Selection

The process by which T cells with receptors that can recognize self-MHC molecules are selected to mature.

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Negative Selection

The process by which T cells with receptors that strongly bind to self-antigens are eliminated.

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Clonal Deletion

The elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes during development.

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Clonal Selection

The process by which an antigen selectively activates and expands specific lymphocytes.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens.

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IgG

The most abundant class of antibodies in the blood, involved in secondary immune responses.

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IgM

The first class of antibodies produced during an immune response, involved in primary immune responses.

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IgA

An antibody found in secretions such as tears, saliva, and breast milk, providing localized immunity.

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IgD

An antibody found on the surface of B cells, involved in antigen recognition.

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IgE

An antibody involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

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Critical

Items that come into contact with sterile tissues or the vascular system and must be sterile.

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Semi-critical

Items that come into contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin and require high-level disinfection.

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Non-critical

Items that come into contact with intact skin and require low-level disinfection.

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Bacteriostatic

Agents that inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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Bactericidal

Agents that kill bacteria.

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Relative resistance of microbial forms

The susceptibility of different types of microorganisms to physical and chemical control methods.

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Heat

A physical control method that can be used to kill or inactivate microorganisms.

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Thermal Death Point

The lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are killed in 10 minutes.

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Thermal Death Time

The minimal time required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension at a given temperature.

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D value

The time required to kill 90% of microorganisms at a given temperature.

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Moist Heat Sterilization

A method of sterilization that uses steam under pressure to kill microorganisms.

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Autoclave

A device used for steam sterilization.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

A method of sterilization that uses high temperatures to kill microorganisms.

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Flaming

A method of dry heat sterilization that uses an open flame.

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Incineration

A method of dry heat sterilization that uses extremely high temperatures to completely burn and destroy microorganisms.

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Hot-Air

A method of dry heat sterilization that uses hot air to kill microorganisms.

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Low Temperature

A physical control method that can slow down or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

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Lyophilization

A method of low-temperature preservation that involves freeze-drying.

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Radiation

A physical control method that can kill or inactivate microorganisms.

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Ionizing Radiation

Radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, causing damage to DNA and other cellular components.

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Non-ionizing Radiation

Radiation that does not have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, but can still cause damage to DNA.

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Mutations

Changes in the genetic material of an organism.

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Point Mutation

A mutation that involves a change in a single nucleotide base.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation that involves the addition or deletion of nucleotide bases, causing a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code.

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Pyrimidine Dimers

Covalent bonds formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA, caused by exposure to UV radiation.

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Phenolics

Chemical compounds derived from phenol that have antimicrobial properties.

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Joseph Lister

The first person to utilize phenol in a medical application as an antiseptic.

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Mode of Action

The way in which a chemical or drug exerts its effect on microorganisms.

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Range

The spectrum of microorganisms that a particular chemical or drug is effective against.

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Phenol

A chemical compound with antimicrobial properties.

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Phenolic

A compound derived from phenol that has antimicrobial properties.

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Triclosan

A phenolic compound commonly used in antibacterial soaps and other personal care products.