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Muscle Fiber
The basic contractile unit of muscle that is made up of multiple sarcomeres.
Sarcomere
The smallest functional unit of muscle fibers that produces force during contraction.
Endomysium
The connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds a collection of muscle fibers, forming a fascicle.
Epimysium
The outer layer of connective tissue that encases an entire muscle.
Fascicle
A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, containing nerves and blood vessels.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The specialized type of endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that stores calcium ions.
Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)
Structures that carry action potentials deep into muscle fibers.
Myofibril
A long, cylindrical structure composed of sarcomeres that runs parallel to the muscle fiber.
Actin
The thin filament in muscle fibers that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction.
Myosin
The thick filament in muscle fibers responsible for pulling actin during contraction.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The process through which an action potential triggers calcium release and muscle contraction.
Power Stroke
The action of myosin pulling actin during muscle contraction.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The primary energy carrier in cells used for muscle contraction.
Sliding Filament Theory
The explanation of how muscles contract by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other.
Isometric Contraction
A type of muscle contraction where the muscle generates force without changing in length.
Isotonic Contraction
A type of contraction where the muscle changes length while the tension remains constant.
Concentric Contraction
A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens while generating force.
Eccentric Contraction
A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force.
Calcium Ion
A key ion in initiating muscle contraction by binding to troponin.
Troponin
A protein that binds calcium and, when activated, moves tropomyosin to expose binding sites on actin.
Tropomyosin
A protein that blocks actin binding sites, preventing contraction until calcium binds to troponin.
Hydrocephalus
A condition characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
Glucose
A simple sugar that is the primary energy source for cells, particularly the brain.
Creatine Phosphate
A molecule that serves as an immediate source of energy for muscle contractions during high-intensity activities.
Kawasaki Disease
A disease often resulting in protein deficiency and muscle wasting, particularly seen in children.
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