micro paranginamo

ganda mo valerie

Bacteria

Bacteria

are metabolically actice unicellular organisms that have cell walls but lack organelles amd an organized nucleus, which divide by binary fission.These microbes contribute to disease pathogenesis

1 um in diameter

Average coccus is about_______ um in diameter

1 um wide -3 um long

Average bacillus is about _____wide_____ um long

0.2 to 5 micrometers

Bacteria range in size from

Mycoplasma

Smallest microbes

Pox viruses

Largest viruses

Binary fission

bacteria divide one cell splits in half to become twoy daughter cells

Organisms generation time

The time it takes for one bacterial cell to split into two cells is referred to as that ____

Cocci

Spherical shape

Bacilli

Rod-shaped

sprilli/spirilla

Spiral-shaped

Diplococci (dingular: diplococcus)

Cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs

Streptococci

Cocci that remain attached in chains afterbcell division

Staphylococci( singular: staphylococcus)

Cocci in grapelike cluster or broad sheet

Tetrad

A group of four cocci

Sarcina/Octad (plural:sarcinae)

A group if eight bacteris that remain in a packet after dividing

Coccobacilli

Bacterium that is an oval rod

Diplobacilli

Rods that divide and remain attached in pairs

Streptobacilli

Rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

Palisade

Picket fence like shaped due to a vend at the sitw of division during cell diviosn, bacilli stack up next to each other, side by side

Vibrio

Short curved rod and comma shaped with less than one turn or twist in cell

Spirochetes

Have a helical shape. Flexible and have an axial filament which helps in motility

Spirilla

Helical shaped/Cockscrew form.Have a similar structure with spirochete but more rigid

-like spirochetes, have flagellum, but they lack the endoflagella

Pleomorphic Bacteria

Bacterias that do not have a defined form

They can alter shape, but in pure culture, they appear to have a definitive form

Pleo

Many

Morphic

Shape

Appendaged Bacteria

Bacteria that produce a distinct structure such as pillus or fimbriae

Axial filaments

These filaments are key feature that distinguishes spirochetes from other bacteria

Filamentous Bacteria

Filament-shaped bacteria that are long, thin, sometimes divide to form branches resembling strands of hair or spaghetti called mycelium

Club-shaped Rod Bacteria

These bacteria are thinner on one side than the other

Capsule

An outer vuscous and gelatinous covering on some bacteria composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide.

Box-shaped/Rectangular Bacteria

Nonpathogenic

Triangular-shaped Bacteria

Lives on saline wnvironments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils

Stalked Bacteria

Possess a stalk on one end of the cell(foundand lakes and streams)

Star-shaped Bscteria

Found in freshwater, soil, and sewage

Glycocalyx

Slime layers and capsules. Thick layer of material outside the cell wall, outermost covering of some bacteria

Gelatinous substance produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall

Capsule

Highly organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

Capsule

Serves as anitiphagocytic infection

Slime layer

Part of the glycocalyx that is unirganized and loosely attched to the cell wall.Allows bacteria to slide or glide along solid surfaces

Slime layer

Its function is to mediates adherence to surfaces

Cell Wall

The outermost component of all bacteria

Murein Sacculus

Other name of cell wall

Peptidoglycan

Also known as murein, is a polymer that forms a mesh like peptidoglycan layer, creating cell wall

Murein

Represents a type of bacterial exoskeleton knowns as murein sacculus, that completely surrounds the cell

Cell wall

Its function is to provide rigidity, strength and protection

Gram positive cell

Thick/Multilayered

Teichoic acids

For attachment and antigenic.Crucial in cell shape determination, cell division regulation and other aspect of gram+ bacteria

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate consisting of many sigar units

Gram Negative Cell

Thin/Monolayered

Outer membrane

Gram negative cell wall has presence of plasma membrane located outside of the peptidoglycan layers

Lipoprotein

Responsible for endotoxin production

Lipoprotein

These are large molecules knowns as lipopolysaccharide, which are into into the outer membrane and project from the cell in to the environment

Components of LPS

The O antigen or 0 polysaccharides antigenic component

Lipid A

The core polysaccharide

Periplasmic Space

The space between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of Gram negative cell wall is referred to as the periplasmic space

Periplasmic Space

Fluid filled space between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

Site of action of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Destroys peptidoglycan or inhibits synthesis of forming cell wall

Cell membrane/Cytoplasmic Membrane

Located beneath the cell wall, encloses the cytoplasm of the cell

Selective permeable

The property of a plasma membrane to allow certain molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others

Pili or fimbriae

Latin for hair

Fimbria

An appendaged on a bacterial cell used for attachment

Pilus

An appendaged on bacterial cell;for conjugation and gliding motility

Common in gram negative organism's

Conjugation

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell

Flagellum

Whip-like structure for motility.Enables cell to swim through liquid environments

Taxis

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called

Chemotaxis

Chemicals

Phototaxis

Light

Monotrichous

A single flagellum

Lophotrichous

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

Amphitrichous

Flagella at both poles of the cell

Peritrichous

Having flagella distributed over the entire cell

Atrichous

Bacteria that lack flagella

Axial Filaments

Two flagella like fibril structure for motility found in spirochetes; allows them to move in a spiral, helical, or inchworm manner

Axial filament

Also called endoflagellum

Nucleoid

The region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

Mesosomes

An extension of the cell membrane presence in cytoplasm as infolding

Serve in DNA replication

Ribosomes

Tiny spherical organelles that make proteins by joining amino acids together

For protein synthesis

Granules or Inclusion Bodies

A granule in cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells, important in the identification of viruses that causes infection

Granules or Inclusion Bodies

Serve as storage vessels. Glycogen is stored as a reserve of carbohydrates and energy

Endospores

A resting structure formed inside some bacteria.Means of survival when moisture or nutrient supply is low

Endospores

It allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cells genetic material in times of extreme stress

Cytoplasm

Semi fluid gelatinous nutrient matrix.Where organelles are suspended

Culture media

Used to grow microorganisms

Liquid media

Broth,milk,infusion.Does not solidify

Semi-solid Media

Clot like consistency at room temperature, Solidifying agent.Thickens but not firm

Solid Media

Firm surface, for culture of bacteria and fungi.Can be liquefiable and non liquifiable

General Purpose Media

to grow and support broad spectrum of microbes.Contains basic nutrients;nutrient agar,nutrient broth

Enrichment media

For selected/desired m.o uses blood, serum, or growth factor

Blood agar

Has 5% blood some gram+ exotoxin cause hemolysis of RBC

Selective media

Used to grow a selected microorganisms, which prevent other organisms from growing

Differential media

Allows for growth of several types of microorganisms to show differences among certain groups of microorganisms

Matter and Energy

In order to grow, bacteria need a source of raw materials and energy

Auto

Self

Hethero

Other

Troph

Feeding

Heterotrophs

Use pre-formed organic compounds formed by other living organisms

Autotrophs

Uses carbon dioxide

Macronutrients

Needed in larger amounts CHONPS are needed in large quantities

Macronutrients

Mineral salts such as Ca, Fe,Mg, K are______ needed in smaller amounts

Micronutrients

Are trace elements

Micronutrients

Needed in very tiny amounts Includes: Zn, Mo, Mn