Studied by 39 people
Sources for this exam: ( Keep in mind there are likely repeated questions because there’s just so many terms to keep up with! )
Chapters 4-6 tests ( taken 3 times each to get as many questions as I could )
In class assignment pages
Notes taken from the teachers slides and class sessions
iclickers
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of:
a. somnambulism
b. lucid dreaming
c. protoconsciousness
d. parasomnias
D- Parasomnia
Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is _
a. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly
b. easier to get, so people can take more at once
c. frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals
d. cheaper, so people can afford more of it
a. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly
Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n)
a. biological
b. suprachiasmatic
c. heterostatic
d. lucid
a- biological
A state of____ as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however,patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.
a. meditation
b. narcolepsy
c. cognizance
d. insomnia
a- meditation
Alcohol is considered a _____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity
a. stimulant
b. hallucinogen
c. depressant
d. antipsychotic
c- depressant
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
a. Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.
b. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.
c. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function.
d. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.
a- Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD
Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?
a. John Hobson
b. Carl Jung
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Rosalind Cartwright
b- Carl Jung
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?
a. It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.
b. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis.
c. It can result in sleeping problems.
d. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult.
a- It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their___ cycles are aligned with the outside world
a. external
b. diurnal
c. melatonin
d. circadian
d- circadian
After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?
a. sleep apnea
b. restless leg syndrome
c. narcolepsy
d. night terrors
d-night terrors
Mescaline is considered a(n)____ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
a. depressant
b. stimulant
c. hallucinogenic
d. opioid
c-hallucinogenic
Individuals undergoing hypnosis ______
a. report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized
b. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors
c. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist
d. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors
b. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors
in Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the _____ content
a. latent
b. ego-driven
c. preconscious
d. manifest
a. latent
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with____
a. insomnia
b. restless leg syndrome
c. night terrors
d. narcolepsy
d. Narcolepsy
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, and he experiences an intense urge to smoke while in stressful situations.
What does this exemplify? ( what does it show )
a. psychological dependence
b. physical dependence
c. polysubstance abuse disorder
d. synergistic effects
a. psychological dependence
Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?
a. insomnia
b. homeostasis
c. melatonin
d. rhythm
b. homeostasis
Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person he then clucks like a chicken. This is a good example of the____ theory of hypnosis.
a. dissociative
b. social-cognitive
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. hypnotic mediation
b. Social-cognitive
Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?
a. The activation-information-mode model
b. The activation-synthesis model
c. The wish fulfillment approach
d. The neo-dissociationist view
b. The activation-synthesis model
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ____
a. consciousness
b. conscience
c. REM sleep
d. unconsciousness
a- consciousness
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she____
a. suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt
b. sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period
c. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
d. falls asleep in the middle of the day
c- suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have____
a. narcolepsy
b. damage to his K-complex
c. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
d. somnambulism
a-narcolepsy
____theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.
a. dissociative
b. Jungian
c. cognitive behavioral
d. social-cognitive
a- dissociative
Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has____ deafness
a. conductive
b. congenital
c. acoustic
d. sensorineural
b. Congenital
The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave____ to the____.
a. amplitude; length
b. trough; crest
c. length; crest or trough
d. crest or trough; center line
d. Crest or trough; center line
Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?
a. Because they are unrelated to biological senses.
b. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
c. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
d. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.
b- They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?
a. top-down
b. bottom-up
c. outside-in
d. inside-out
a- top down
Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called____blindness.
a. foveal
b. night
c. conductive
d. sensorineural
b. Night
Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
a. oculomotor convergence
b. bottom-up processing
c. binocular disparity
d. top-down processing
c. binocular disparity
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that___plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
a. mood
b. attention
c. habit
d. friendship
b- attention
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor.
Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
a. iris
b. cones
c. rods
d. fovea
c- rods
In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the____will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the____
a. fovea: lens
b. lens; fovea
c. cornea; iris
d. iris; retina
b- lens; fovea
Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ____ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance falling over.
a. vestibular
b. proprioception
c, nociception
d. somatosensation
a- vestibular
The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ___ lobe.
a. occipital
b. temporal
c. parietal
d. frontal
b- temporal
Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?
a. the auditory canal
b. the pinna
c. the basilar membrane
d. the eardrum
c- the basilar membrane
_____ amplitudes are associated with ____ sounds
a. higher; louder
b. lower; louder
c. higher; quieter
d. higher; weaker
a- higher; louder
Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ____ waves of light
a. longer wavelengths
b. shorter wavelengths
c. higher amplitude
d. lower amplitude
a. longer wavelengths
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
a. corneal
b. optic
c. acoustic
d. gustatory
b- optic
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
a. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels.
• b. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves.
c. Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
d. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
d. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of_____
a. the principle of transduction
b. Weber's law
c. the law of thermoception
d. Merkel's theory
b. Weber’s law
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
a. preimage
b. binocular image
c. monocular image
d. afterimage
d. Afterimage
As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up." from a physical perspective you are asking them to_____ of the sound waves they are producing
a. decrease the amplitude
b. increase the amplitude
c. decrease the frequency
d. increase the frequency
b. increase the amplitude
Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the____ theory of pitch perception
a. temporal
b. volley
c. opponent-process
d. place
a. Temporal
___ receives messages from other neurons
a. Axon
b. Cell body ( soma )
c. Dendrite
d. Terminal buttons
e. Myelin sheath
c. dendrite
____ carries messages within the neuron
a. Axon
b. Cell body ( soma )
c. Dendrite
d. Terminal buttons
e. Myelin sheath
a. Axon
_____ contains neurotransmitters and sends messages to other neurons
a. Axon
b. Cell body ( soma )
c. Dendrite
d. Terminal buttons
e. Myelin sheath
d. Terminal buttons
___ Protects the axon and helps to speed transmission of messages
a. Axon
b. Cell body ( soma )
c. Dendrite
d. Terminal buttons
e. Myelin sheath
e. Myelin sheath
___ Contains the biochemical materials to keep the neuron alive
a. Axon
b. Cell body ( soma )
c. Dendrite
d. Terminal buttons
e. Myelin sheath
b. Cell body ( soma )
Part of the limbic system and important in the regulation of emotions
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
b. Amygdala
Part of the limbic system and plays an important role in memory and learning.
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
f. Hippocampus
Found within the forebrain; a relay center for the cortex and integrates information from the senses.
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
e. Thalamus
Part of the inner, central core of the brain, this structure is important for the regulation of basic bodily needs (hunger, thirst, sex)
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
c. Hypothalamus
Part of the association area of the cortex and important in the production of speech
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
d. Broca’s area
Part of the inner, central core of the brain, this structure is important in the control of bodily balance.
a. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
d. Broca's area
e. Thalamus
f. Hippocampus
a. Cerebellum
What is positive reinforcement? (+ +)
when the addition(+) of a stimulus causes behavior to increase(+)
What is negative reinforcement? ( - + )
When the removal(-) of a stimulus causes behavior to increase(+) ( like when you buckle a seatbelt to make the annoying alarm turn off )
What is punishment?
The process by which a stimulus decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
What is positive punishment? ( + - )
When the addition(+) of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease(-) ( rat presses a lever and gets shocked, is likely not to press the lever anymore )
What is negative punishment? ( - - )
When the removal(-) of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease(-) ( Ipad kid at restaurant is blasting a video and you take the ipad away, the noise stops )
Because your teacher praised you for turning your homework in on time, you continue to turn your homework in on time for the rest of the year ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Positive reinforcement
Why? You are being praised ( encouraging/ stimulus= + ) and because of it you being praised you turn homework in on time more ( reinforced= + ) ( + + )
Taking a bath after a workout helps reduce your muscle pain, so whenever you have a tough workout, you take a bath ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Negative Reinforcement
Why? You are reducing pain ( taking away a stimulus= - ) which makes you want to bathe more after a work out ( adding behavior= + )
( - + )
After waxing your skis, you're able to go faster, so you keep waxing your skis when you head back to the mountain. ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Positive reinforcement
Why? You are able to go faster ( adding reason/ stimulus= + ) makes you want to keep waxing your skis ( adding behavior= + ) ( + + )
When you ask your neighbor to turn down their loud music, and they do, you're more likely to ask them again when their music is bothering you ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Negative reinforcement
Why? You ask them to turn the music down ( taking away stimulus= - ) because they listen, you are more likely to ask ( adding action= + )
( - + )
When you get caught riding the bus without paying, and you get fined for it, you won't ride without a ticket again ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Positive punishment
Why? You are getting fined ( adding reason= + ) because you are fined you won’t ride without a ticket again ( taking away the action of riding without a ticket= - ) ( + - )
When a child is caught lying, and their parents give them extra chores, they're less likely to lie in the future ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Positive punishment
Why? Parents give extra chores ( adding action= + ) which makes the child less likely to lie ( taking away action= - ) ( + - )
When parents catch their teenager stealing, they take the teenager's car away; the teenager is less likely to steal again ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Negative punishment
Why? They take the teenagers car away ( removing stimulus= - ) which makes the teenager less likely to steal again ( taking away action= - ) ( - - )
When your cat jumps on the kitchen counter, and you squirt the cat with a water bottle, the cat is likely to not jump on the countertop again. ( is it positive/negative and reinforcement/ punishment )
Positive punishment
Why? You spray the cat with water ( adding stimulus= + ) which makes the cat less likely to ever jump on the counter in the future ( taking away action= - ) ( + - )
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _____
a. neutral response and a conditioned response
b. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response
c. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
d. neutral stimulus and a neutral response
c. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior_____
a. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character
b. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents
c. after dreaming they were on television
d. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
d. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of
a. reflexes
b. conditioning
c. instincts
d. learning
c. Instincts
The _____ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.
a. social learning
b. behavioral
c. evolutionary
d cognitive
c. Evolutionary
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of___
a. acquisition
b. conditioning
c. learning
d. extinction
d. extinction
Extinction in Psych is when you take away previously learned behaviors
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
a. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
b. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.
c. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
d. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
b. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
a. a teacher demonstrating algebra to students
b. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
c. a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents
d. believing that nudity is wrong
b. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
a. shaping
b. learning
c. reinforcement
d. acquisition
a. Shaping
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
a. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
b. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
c. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
d. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
c. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "Little Albert?
a. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study.
b. It would be unethical by today's research standards.
c. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS.
d. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research.
b. It would be unethical by today's research standards.
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
a. operant
b. observational
c. classical
d. conditioning
b. Observational
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word
a. instinctive
b. learned
c. reactive
d. reflexive
b. Learned
In ___ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed
a. continuous
b. secondary
c. partial
d. primary
c. Partial
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
a. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.
c. playing the slot machine
d. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification
a. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
a. boys display more fear than girls
b. emotion can be a conditioned response
c. fear cannot be a conditioned response
d. boys display fear differently from girls
b. emotion can be a conditioned response
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ___ learning
a. associative
b. instinctive
c. processual
d. reflexive
a. associative
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
a. Fear is a conditioned response.
b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Hidek tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (ying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. imitation
d. modeling
b. operant conditioning
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using.
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
d. Negative reinforcement
Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example. Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the___
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned response
d. conditioned response
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
a. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
b. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room
c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red
d. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
a. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
What is Vicarious?
Think of watching something happen. Learning or feeling by watching others actions, emotions, or consequences
What is consciousness?
Awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain or defection of light
What is wakefulness?
High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
What is sleep?
Low levels of physical activity and reduces sensory awareness
What is your biological rhythm?
Internal cycle of biological activity including: level of alertness, menstrual cycle, fluctuation of temp, etc.
What is your circadian rhythm?
NOT just sleep. Biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. Generated by suprachiasmatic nucleus
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Maintaining homeostasis
Homeostasis is the:
Tendency to maintain balance or optimal level within a biological system
What is the syprachiasmatic nucleus
The brains clock mechanism, resets with light
What is melatonin?
A natural hormone to help with sleep. If you take too much it will decrease how your body naturally produces it
Sleep regulation is:
The brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness
Jet lag:
Symptoms result from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and environment. Symptoms can include: irritability, sluggishness, etc.
Note
Flashcard